Methods and apparatus relating to wireless terminal beacon signal generation, transmission, and/or use

ABSTRACT

A portable wireless terminal generates and transmits a beacon signal. The beacon signal includes a sequence of beacon signal bursts, each beacon signal burst including one or more beacon symbols. A beacon symbol is transmitted using the air link resources of a beacon symbol transmission unit at a relatively high transmission power level with respect to user data symbols transmitted from the same wireless terminal, thus facilitating easy detection by other wireless terminals. The beacon symbols of the beacon signal occupy a small fraction of the total available air link resources. Beacon signals can, and sometimes do, convey wireless terminal identification information, via the location of the beacon symbols within the portion of the air link resource reserved for beacon symbol transmission units.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 60/758,011 filed on Jan. 11, 2006, titled “METHODSAND APPARATUS FOR USING BEACON SIGNALS FOR IDENTIFICATION,SYNCHRONIZATION OR ACQUISITION IN AN AD HOC WIRELESS NETWORK”, U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/758,010 filed on Jan. 11,2006, titled “METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR FACILITATING IDENTIFICATION,SYNCHRONIZATION OR ACQUISITION USING BEACON SIGNALS”, U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 60/758,012 filed on Jan. 11, 2006, titled“METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR USING BEACON SIGNALS IN A COGNITIVE RADIONETWORK”, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/863,304 filedon Oct. 27, 2006, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.60/845,052 filed on Sep. 15, 2006, and U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 60/845,051 filed on Sep. 15, 2006 each of which ishereby incorporated by reference and all of which are assigned to theassignee hereof.

FIELD

Various embodiments are directed to methods and apparatus for wirelesscommunication and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus relatedto wireless terminal beacon signal generation, transmission, and/or usein a wireless network, e.g., an ad hoc wireless network.

BACKGROUND

In a wireless network, e.g., an ad hoc network, in which a networkinfrastructure does not exist, a terminal has to combat certainchallenges in order to set up a communication link with another peerterminal. One challenge is that when a terminal just powers up or movesinto a new area, the terminal may have to first find out whether anotherterminal is present in the vicinity before any communication between thetwo terminals can start.

The general solution to the above problem of identification andacquisition is to let the terminal transmit and/or receive signalsaccording to certain protocol. Note that the protocol and the signalhave to be designed carefully so that the solution is robust and powerefficient. Robustness is essential. For example, the terminals often maynot have a common timing reference, e.g., because of the lack of thenetwork infrastructure. So it is possible that when a first terminal istransmitting a signal and a second terminal is not in the receivingmode, the transmitted signal does not help the second terminal to detectthe presence of the first terminal. Power efficiency has great impact onthe battery life of the terminals and is thus another important issue inthe wireless system.

In addition to solving the above problem of identification andacquisition, the terminals need to be synchronized with each other toenable proper peer-to-peer communication.

In view of the above discussion, it should be appreciated that there isa need for new and improved ways for identification, acquisition, orsynchronization, especially in a wireless system in which the networkinfrastructure is not available.

SUMMARY

In accordance with various embodiments, a wireless terminal, e.g., abattery powered portable wireless terminal, transmits a special signal,called a beacon signal. A beacon signal includes a sequence of beaconsignal bursts, each beacon signal burst including one or more beaconsymbols, each beacon symbol occupying a beacon symbol transmission unit.The air link resources associated with a beacon signal burst include aset of beacon symbol transmission units some of which are occupied bybeacon symbols and some of which are nulls. In some embodiments, beaconsymbols in a beacon signal burst occupy less than 10% of the availablebeacon symbols transmission units of the beacon signal burst. A totalair link resource, e.g., a combination of frequency and time, availablefor communication includes, from the wireless terminal's perspective,portions available for transmission of beacon burst signals and portionsdesignated for other uses, e.g., beacon signal monitoring, user datasignaling, and/or silence portions. In terms of the total resourceavailable for communication, the beacon symbols of the beacon signaloccupy a small fraction, e.g., in some embodiments no more than 1% ofthe total air link resource available for communication. In some suchembodiments, the beacon symbols of the beacon signal occupy no more than0.1% of the total air link resource available for communication. Interms of power, the average per symbol transmission power levelassociated with a beacon symbol of the beacon signal is much higher,e.g., in some embodiments at least 10 dB higher, than the average persymbol transmission power level of a data symbol. In some embodiments,the average per symbol transmission power level associated with a beaconsymbol of the beacon signal is at least 16 dB higher than the averageper symbol transmission power level of a data symbol.

In various embodiments of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) systems, a basic transmission unit is an OFDM tone-symbol, i.e.,a single tone over a single transmission symbol period. In some suchembodiments, a beacon symbol transmission unit is a single OFDMtone-symbol. In other such embodiments, a beacon symbol transmissionunit is a set of contiguous OFDM tone-symbols, e.g., two or threeadjacent tone-symbols using the same tone.

The beacon signal, in some embodiments, includes a sequence of beaconsignal bursts, each of the beacon signal bursts includes one or morebeacon symbols, each beacon symbol may correspond to a site tone, over asmall number of transmission symbol periods, e.g., one or two symbolperiods. The terminal transmits the beacon signal bursts in anintermittent (i.e., non-continuous) manner so that there are a number ofsymbol periods between a first and a second beacon signal bursts. In oneembodiment, the number of symbol periods between two successive beaconsignal bursts is fixed and constant, in which case the beacon signalincludes periodic bursts of energy. In another embodiment, the number ofsymbol periods between two successive beacon signal bursts is a timevarying sequence, picked from a set of predetermined or pseudo-randomsequences. The tone of the beacon signal in some embodiments varies fromone burst to another.

In accordance with various embodiments, a receiver scans the spectrum ofinterest to search for a beacon signal for the purpose of detecting thepresence of another transmitter, e.g., a wireless terminal, obtainingsome identification of that transmitter, and estimating the timingand/or frequency, synchronization information related to thetransmitter. In one embodiment, the step of scanning includes estimatingthe energy of the received signal in each of a plurality of transmissionunits corresponding to the spectrum of interest and detecting an energyoutlier by comparing the estimated energy with some threshold. In someembodiments, the step of scanning includes estimating the energy of thereceived signal in a plurality of transmission units and detecting anenergy outlier by comparing the estimated energy with some threshold.

Since a beacon signal can be easily detected at a receiver, as it is anenergy outlier, a beacon signal can be used to carry a small amount ofinformation. Information in a beacon signal can be decoded bydetermining which beacon transmission unit or units carry the beaconsymbols. For example information can be included in the frequency of thetone(s) of the beacon symbol in a given burst, the time position of thebeacon symbol(s) in a given burst, the number of beacon symbols in agiven burst, the inter-burst interval, and/or the tone hoppingsequences. Among other things, this information can also be used toidentify the transmitter and/or the type of transmitter. In anotherembodiment, the information can be about the maximum power that thetransmitter is capable of transmitting.

The beacon signal occupies a small fraction of the total available airlink resources. In an OFDM embodiment, let N denote the total number oftones in the spectrum of interest. In any reasonably long time interval,e.g., a few seconds, suppose the number of OFDM symbol periods is T.Then the total number of OFDM tone-symbols is N*T. The number oftone-symbols occupied by the beacon signal in that time interval issignificantly less than N*T, e.g., in some embodiments no more than 0.1%of N*T.

Moreover, in any reasonably long time interval, e.g., of a few secondsor the duration of the entire transmit burst during which the terminalis in a data session and transmitting (i.e., the terminal is sendinguser data and/or control information using the spectrum of interest),suppose that the average per tone-symbol transmission power is P_(avg).Then, the transmission power of each beacon symbol is much higher, e.g.,in some embodiments at least 10 dB higher, than P_(avg). In someembodiments, the transmission power of each beacon symbol is at least 16dB higher than P_(avg). In one embodiment, the transmission power of abeacon symbol is constant, i.e., does not vary with time, for a giventransmitter. In another embodiment, the per tone-symbol transmissionpower of the beacon signal is the same for multiple transmitters, sothat a receiver can derive information, such as path loss from thosetransmitters to the receiver, from the power of the beacon signalsreceived from those transmitters.

In one embodiment, the wireless terminal keeps on transmitting thebeacon signal even if the terminal determines that there is no otherterminal in the vicinity.

In accordance with various embodiments, the wireless terminal listens tothe spectrum of interest and attempts to detect a beacon signal, whichmay be sent by a different terminal. The terminal may continuously be inthe listening mode (i.e., on time) for a time interval of a few symbolperiods. The on time is followed by an off time during which theterminal is in a power saving mode and does not receive any signal,e.g., turn off the receive modules. In one embodiment, the length of theon time is a function of the beacon signal transmission pattern,including the transmission duration of a beacon signal burst and/or theduration between successive beacon signal bursts.

If the (first) terminal detects the presence of another (second)terminal, the first terminal should use the detected beacon signal toderive the timing used by the second terminal. The information used toderive the timing includes the frequency location of the tones used inthe detected beacon signal bursts and/or the time interval between thedetected successive beacon signal bursts. The first terminal shouldsynchronize its transmitter and receiver to the derived timing, and thensend a signal to the second terminal using the derived timing, in orderto establish a communication link between the two terminals.

In various embodiments, a method of operating a portable wirelessterminal includes: transmitting a beacon signal including a sequence ofbeacon signal bursts, each beacon signal burst including one or morebeacon symbols, each beacon symbol occupying a beacon symboltransmission unit, one or more beacon symbols being transmitted duringeach burst. A portable wireless terminal, in accordance with variousembodiments, includes: a beacon signal generation module for generatinga beacon signal including a sequence of beacon signal bursts, eachbeacon signal burst including one or more beacon symbols; and atransmission module for transmitting said generated beacon signal, usingbeacon signal transmission units, each beacon symbol occupying a beaconsymbol transmission unit, one or more beacon symbols being transmittedduring each beacon signal burst.

While various embodiments have been discussed in the summary above, itshould be appreciated that not necessarily all embodiments include thesame features and some of the features described above are not necessarybut can be desirable in some embodiments. Numerous additional features,embodiments and benefits are discussed in the detailed description whichfollows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary ad hoc communication network implementedin accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary user misdetection problem in an ad hocnetwork when there is no common timing reference.

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary air link resource being used tocommunicate a beacon signal including three exemplary beacon signalbursts, each beacon signal burst including one beacon symbol.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary relative transmission power levelsbetween a beacon symbol and a data/control signal in accordance withvarious embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates one exemplary embodiment of transmitting beaconsignal bursts.

FIG. 6 illustrates one exemplary embodiment in which receiving beaconsignal bursts can occur during certain designated time intervals, whileat other times the receiver is off to conserve power.

FIG. 7 is used to describe how a user misdetection problem is solvedwhen two terminals transmit and receive beacon signal bursts, asimplemented in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 8 illustrates one exemplary embodiment of a state diagramimplemented in a terminal.

FIG. 9 illustrates a detailed illustration of an exemplary wirelessterminal implemented in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 10 is a drawing of a flowchart of an exemplary method of operatinga portable wireless terminal in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 11 is a drawing of a flowchart of an exemplary method of operatinga portable wireless terminal in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 12 is a drawing of a flowchart of an exemplary method of operatinga portable wireless terminal, e.g., a battery powered mobile node, inaccordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 13 is a drawing of a flowchart of an exemplary method of operatinga portable wireless terminal, e.g., a battery powered mobile node, inaccordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 14 includes drawings illustrating exemplary beacon signaling from aportable wireless terminal, in accordance with various embodiments

FIG. 15 illustrates that different wireless terminals, in someembodiments, transmit different beacon signals including differentbeacon burst signals.

FIG. 16 is a drawing and corresponding legend illustrating a feature ofsome embodiments, in which a beacon symbol transmission unit includes aplurality of OFDM symbol transmission units.

FIG. 17 is a drawing used to illustrate an exemplary beacon signalcomprising a sequence of beacon burst signals and to illustrate timingrelationships of some embodiments.

FIG. 18 is a drawing used to illustrate an exemplary beacon signalcomprising a sequence of beacon burst signals and to illustrate timingrelationships of some embodiments.

FIG. 19 is a drawing illustrating exemplary air link resourcepartitioning by a wireless terminal in a mode of operation in which thewireless terminal transmits a beacon signal.

FIG. 20 describes an exemplary air link resource portion associated withuses other than beacon signal transmission for an exemplary mode ofwireless terminal operation in which the wireless terminal transmits abeacon signal and can receive and/or transmit user data, e.g., an activemode of operation.

FIG. 21 illustrates two exemplary modes of wireless terminal operationin which the wireless terminal is transmitting a beacon signal, e.g., aninactive mode and an active mode.

FIG. 22 includes a drawing and corresponding legend illustratingexemplary wireless terminal air link resource utilization during anexemplary first time interval including two beacon bursts.

FIG. 23 includes a drawing and corresponding legend illustratingexemplary wireless terminal air link resource utilization during anexemplary first time interval including two beacon bursts.

FIG. 24 illustrates an alternative descriptive representation withrespect to beacon signals, in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 25 is a drawing of an exemplary portable wireless terminal, e.g.,mobile node, in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 26 is a drawing of a flowchart of an exemplary method of operatinga communications device, e.g., a battery powered wireless terminal, inaccordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 27 is a drawing of an exemplary portable wireless terminal, e.g.,mobile node, in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 28 is a drawing illustrating an exemplary time line, sequence ofevents, and operations with respect to two wireless terminals in an adhoc network which become aware of the presence of each other and achievetiming synchronization via the use of wireless terminal beacon signals.

FIG. 29 illustrates exemplary synchronized timing between two wirelessterminals based on beacon signals in accordance with an exemplaryembodiment.

FIG. 30 illustrates exemplary synchronized timing between two wirelessterminals based on beacon signals in accordance with another exemplaryembodiment.

FIG. 31 illustrates exemplary synchronized timing between two wirelessterminals based on beacon signals in accordance with another exemplaryembodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary ad hoc communication network 100implemented in accordance with various embodiments. Two exemplarywireless terminals, namely a first wireless terminal 102 and a secondwireless terminal 104 are present in a geographic area 106. Somespectrum band is available to be used by the two wireless terminals forthe purpose of communication. The two wireless terminals use theavailable spectrum band to establish a peer-to-peer communication linkbetween each other.

Because the ad hoc network may not have a network infrastructure, thewireless terminals may not have a common timing or frequency reference.This results in certain challenges in the ad hoc network. To elaborate,consider the problem of how either of the terminals detects the presenceof the other.

For the sake of description in the following it is assumed that at agiven time, the wireless terminal can either transmit or receive, butnot both. It is understood that people with ordinary skills in the fieldcan apply the same principles to the case where the terminal can bothtransmit and receive at the same time.

FIG. 2 includes drawing 200 used to describe one possible scheme thatthe two wireless terminals may use to find each other. The firstterminal transmits some signal in time interval 202, and receives signalin time interval 204. Meanwhile, the second wireless terminal transmitssome signal in time interval 206, and receives signal in time interval208. Note that if the first wireless terminal can both transmit andreceive at the same time then the time intervals 202 and 204 may overlapwith each other.

Note that because the two terminals do not have a common timingreference, their TX (transmit) and RX (receive) timings are notsynchronized. In particular, FIG. 2 shows that the time intervals 204and 206 do not overlap. When the first wireless terminal is listeningthe second wireless terminal does not transmit, and when the secondwireless terminal is transmitting the first wireless terminal does notlisten. Therefore, the first wireless terminal does not detect thepresence of the second terminal. Similarly, the time intervals 202 and208 do not overlap. Therefore, the second wireless terminal does notdetect the presence of the first wireless terminal either.

There are ways to overcome the above misdetection problem. For example,a wireless terminal may randomize the time interval in which the TX andRX procedure is carried out, so that over time the two wirelessterminals will detect each other probabilistically. However, the cost isthe delay and the resultant, battery power consumption. In addition, thepower consumption is also determined by the power requirement in the TXand RX procedure. For example, it may require less processing power todetect one form of the signal than to detect another form.

It is an advantage of various embodiments that a new signal TX and RXprocedure is implemented and used to reduce the delay of detecting thepresence of another terminal and the associated power consumption.

In accordance with various embodiments, a wireless terminal transmits aspecial signal, called a beacon signal, which occupies a small fractione.g., in some embodiments no more than 0.1%, of the total amount ofavailable air link communication resource. In some embodiments, air linkcommunication resources are measured in terms of minimum or basictransmission units, e.g., OFDM tone symbols in an OFDM system. In someembodiments, air link communication resources can be measured in termsof degrees of freedom, where a degree of freedom is the minimum unit ofresource which can be used for communication. For example, in a CDMAsystem, a degree of freedom can be a spreading code, a timecorresponding to a symbol period. In general, the degrees of freedom ina given system are orthogonal with each other.

Consider an exemplary embodiment of a frequency division multiplexingsystem, e.g., an OFDM system. In that system, information is transmittedin a symbol-by-symbol manner. In a symbol transmission period, the totalavailable bandwidth is divided into a number of tones, each of which canbe used to carry information.

FIG. 3 includes drawing 300 showing the available resource in anexemplary OFDM system. The horizontal axis 301 represents time and thevertical axis 302 represents frequency. A vertical column representseach of the tones in a given symbol period. Each small box 304represents a tone-symbol, which is the air link resource of a singletone over a single transmission symbol period. A minimum transmissionunit in the OFDM symbol is a tone-symbol.

The beacon signal includes a sequence of beacon signal bursts (308, 310,312), which are transmitted sequentially over time. A beacon signalburst includes a small number of beacon symbols. In this example, eachbeacon symbol burst (308, 310, 312) includes one beacon symbol and 19nulls. In this example, each beacon symbol is a single tone over onetransmission period. A beacon signal burst includes, in someembodiments, beacon symbols of the same tone over a small number oftransmission symbol periods, e.g., one or two symbol periods. FIG. 3shows three small black boxes, each of which (306) represents a beaconsymbol. In this case, a beacon symbol uses the air link resource of onetone-symbol, i.e., one beacon symbol transmission unit is an OFDMtone-symbol. In another embodiment, a beacon symbol comprises one tonetransmitted over two consecutive symbol periods, and a beacon symboltransmission unit comprises two adjacent OFDM tone-symbols.

The beacon signal occupies a small fraction of the total minimumtransmission units. Denote N the total number of tones of the spectrumof interest. In any reasonably long time interval, e.g., of one or twoseconds, suppose the number of symbol periods is T. Then the totalnumber of minimum transmission units is N*T. In accordance with variousembodiments, the number of tone-symbols occupied by the beacon signal inthe time interval is significantly less than N*T, e.g., in someembodiments no more than 0.1% of N*T.

The tone of the beacon symbol in a beacon signal burst, in someembodiments, varies (hops) from one burst to another. In accordance withvarious embodiments, the tone-hopping pattern of the beacon symbol is insome embodiments a function of the wireless terminal and can be, andsometimes is, used as an identification of the terminal or anidentification of the type to which the terminal belongs. In general,information in a beacon signal can be decoded by determining whichminimum transmission units convey the beacon symbols. For example,information can be included in the frequency of the tone(s) of thebeacon symbol(s) in a given beacon signal burst, the number of beaconsymbols in a given burst, the duration of a beacon signal burst, and/orthe inter-burst interval, in addition to the tone hopping sequences.

The beacon signal can also be characterized from the transmission powerperspective. In accordance with various embodiments, the transmissionpower of the beacon signal per minimum transmission unit is much higher,e.g., in some embodiments at least 10 dB higher, than the averagetransmission power of data and control signals per degree of freedomwhen the terminal transmitter is in an ordinary data session. Inaccordance with some embodiments, the transmission power of the beaconsignal per minimum transmission unit is at least 16 dB higher than theaverage transmission power of data and control signals per degree offreedom when the terminal transmitter is in an ordinary data session.For example, drawing 400 of FIG. 4 plots the transmission powers used ineach of the tone-symbols in a reasonably long time interval, e.g., ofone or two seconds, in which the wireless terminal is in a data session,i.e., the terminal is sending data and control information using thespectrum of interest. The order of those tone-symbols, represented bythe horizontal axis 401, is immaterial for purposes of this discussion.A small vertical rectangular 404 represents the power of individualtone-symbols conveying user data and/or control information. As acomparison, a tall black rectangular 406 is also included to show thepower of a beacon tone-symbol.

In another embodiment, a beacon signal includes a sequence of beaconsignal bursts transmitted at intermittent time periods. A beacon signalburst includes one or more (a small number) of time-domain impulses. Atime-domain impulse signal is a special signal that occupies a verysmall transmission time duration over a certain spectrum bandwidth ofinterest. For example, in a communication, system where the availablebandwidth is 30 kHz, a time-domain impulse signal occupies a significantportion of the 30 kHz bandwidth for a short duration. In any reasonablylong time interval, e.g., a few seconds, the total duration of thetime-domain impulses is a small fraction, e.g., in some embodiments nomore than 0.1% of the total time duration. Moreover, the per degree offreedom transmission power in the time interval during which the impulsesignal is transmitted is significantly higher, e.g., in some embodiments10 dB higher, than the average transmission power per degree of freedomwhen the transmitter is in an ordinary data session. In someembodiments, the per degree of freedom transmission power in the timeinterval during which the impulse signal is transmitted is at least 16dB higher than the average transmission power per degree of freedom whenthe transmitter is in an ordinary data session.

FIG. 4 shows that the transmission power may vary from one tone-symbolto another. Denote P_(avg) the average transmission power pertone-symbol (408). In accordance with various embodiments, the pertone-symbol transmission power of the beacon signal is much higher,e.g., at least 10 dB higher, than P_(avg). In some embodiments, the pertone-symbol transmission power of the beacon signal is at least 16 dBhigher than P_(avg). In one exemplary embodiment, the per tone-symboltransmission power of the beacon signal is 20 dBs higher than P_(avg).

In one embodiment, the per tone-symbol transmission power of the beaconsignal is constant for a given terminal. That is, the power does notvary with time or with tone. In another embodiment, the per tone-symboltransmission power of the beacon signal is the same for multipleterminals, or even each of the terminals in the network.

Drawing 500 of FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of transmitting beaconsignal bursts. A wireless terminal keeps on transmitting the beaconsignal bursts, e.g., beacon signal burst A 502, beacon signal burst B504, beacon signal burst C 506, etc., even if the wireless terminaldetermines that there is no other terminal in the vicinity or even ifthe terminal has already detected other terminals and may even haveestablished communication links with them.

The terminal transmits the beacon signal bursts in an intermittent(i.e., non-continuous) manner so that there are a number of symbolperiods between two successive beacon signal bursts. In general, thetime duration of a beacon signal burst is much shorter, e.g., in someembodiments at least 50 times shorter, than the number of symbol periodsin-between two successive beacon signal bursts, denoted as L 505. In oneembodiment, the value of L is fixed and constant, in which case thebeacon signal is periodic. In some embodiments the value of L is thesame and known for each of the terminals. In another embodiment, thevalue of L varies with time, e.g., according to a predetermined orpseudo-random pattern. For example, the number can be a number, e.g.,random number, distributed between constants L₀ and L₁.

Drawing 600 of FIG. 6 illustrates one exemplary embodiment in whichreceiving beacon signal bursts can occur during certain designated timeintervals, while at other times the receiver is off to conserve power.The wireless terminal listens to the spectrum of interest and attemptsto detect a beacon signal, which may be sent by a different terminal.The wireless terminal may continuously be in the listening mode for atime interval of a few symbol periods, which is called on time. The ontime 602 is followed by an off time 606 during which the wirelessterminal is in a power saving mode and does not receive any signal. Inthe off time, the wireless terminal, in some embodiments, completelyturns off the receive modules. When the off time 606 ends, the terminalresumes to the on time 604 and starts to detect a beacon signal again.The above procedure repeats.

Preferably, the length of an on time interval is shorter than that of anoff time interval. In one embodiment, an on time interval may be lessthan ⅕ of an off time interval. In one embodiment, the length of each ofthe on time intervals are the same, and the length of each of the offtime intervals are also the same.

In some embodiments the length of an off time interval depends on thelatency requirement for a first wireless terminal to detect the presenceof another (second) wireless terminal, if the second wireless terminalis actually present in the vicinity of the first wireless terminal. Thelength of an on time interval is determined so that the first wirelessterminal has a great probability of detecting at least one beacon signalburst in the on time interval. In one embodiment, the length of the ontime interval is a function of at least one of the transmission durationof a beacon signal burst and the duration between successive beaconsignal bursts. For example, the length of the on time interval is atleast the sum of the transmission duration of a beacon signal burst andthe duration between successive beacon signal bursts.

Drawing 700 of FIG. 7 illustrates how a terminal detects the presence ofa second terminal when the two terminals use the beacon signaltransmission and reception procedure implemented in accordance withvarious embodiments.

The horizontal axis 701 represents time. The first wireless terminal 720arrives at the ad hoc network before the second wireless terminal 724shows up. The first wireless terminal 720, using transmitter 722, startsto transmit the beacon signal, which includes a sequence of beaconsignal bursts 710, 712, 714, etc. The second wireless terminal 724 showsup after the first wireless terminal 720 has already transmitted burst710. Suppose that the second wireless terminal 724, including receiver726, starts the on time interval 702. Note that the on time interval issufficiently large to cover the transmission duration of a beacon signalburst 712 and the duration between bursts 712 and 714. Therefore, thesecond wireless terminal 724 can detect the presence of beacon signalburst 712 in the on time interval 702, even though the first and thesecond wireless terminals (720, 724) do not have a common timingreference.

FIG. 8 illustrates one embodiment of an exemplary state diagram 800implemented in a wireless terminal in accordance with variousembodiments.

When the wireless terminal is powered up, the wireless terminal entersthe state of 802, in which the terminal determines the start time of thenext beacon signal burst to be transmitted. In addition, the wirelessterminal determines the start time of the next on time interval for thereceiver. The wireless terminal may, and in some embodiments does, use atransmitter timer and a receiver timer to manage the start times. Thewireless terminal waits until either timer expires. Note that eithertimer may expire instantaneously, meaning that the wireless terminal isto transmit or detect a beacon signal burst upon power up.

Upon the expiration, of the TX timer, the terminal enters the state of804. The wireless terminal determines the signal form of the burstincluding the frequency tone to be used by the burst, and transmits thebeacon signal burst. Once the transmission is done, the terminal returnsto the state of 802.

Upon the expiration of the RX timer, the wireless terminal enters thestate of 806. The wireless terminal is in the listening mode andsearches for a beacon signal burst. If the wireless terminal has notfound a beacon signal burst when the on time interval ends, then thewireless terminal returns to the state of 802. If the wireless terminaldetects a beacon signal burst of a new wireless terminal, the wirelessterminal may proceed to the state of 808 if the wireless terminalintends to communicate with the new terminal. In the state of 808, thewireless terminal derives the timing and/or frequency of the newwireless terminal from the detected beacon signal and then synchronizesits own timing and/or frequency to the new wireless terminal. Forexample, the wireless terminal can use the beacon location in timeand/or in frequency as a basis for estimating the timing phase and/orfrequency of the new wireless terminal. This information can be used tosynchronize the two wireless terminals.

Once the synchronization is done, the wireless terminal may send (810)additional signal to the new terminal and establish a communicationlink. The wireless terminal and the new wireless terminal may then setup a peer-to-peer communication session. When the wireless terminal hasestablished a communication link with another terminal, the terminalshould keep on intermittently transmitting the beacon signal so thatother terminals, e.g., new wireless terminals can detect the wirelessterminal. In addition, the wireless terminal, in some embodiments, keepson periodically entering the on time intervals to detect new wirelessterminals.

FIG. 9 provides a detailed illustration of an exemplary wirelessterminal 900, e.g., portable mobile node, implemented in accordance withvarious embodiments. The exemplary wireless terminal 900, depicted inFIG. 9, is a detailed representation of an apparatus that may be used asany one of terminals 102 and 104 depicted in FIG. 1. In the FIG. 9embodiment, the terminal 900 includes a processor 904, a wirelesscommunication interface module 930, a user input/output interface 940and memory 910 coupled together by bus 906. Accordingly, via bus 906 thevarious components of the terminal 900 can exchange information, signalsand data. The components 904, 906, 910, 930, 940 of the terminal 900 arelocated inside a housing 902.

The wireless communication interface module 930 provides a mechanism bywhich the internal components of the wireless terminal 900 can send andreceive signals to/from external devices and another wireless terminal.The wireless communication interface module 930 includes, e.g., areceiver module 932 and a transmitter module 934, which are connectedwith a duplexer 938 with an antenna 936 used for coupling the wirelessterminal 900 to other terminals, e.g., via wireless communicationschannels.

The exemplary wireless terminal 900 also includes a user input device942, e.g., keypad, and a user output device 944, e.g., display, whichare coupled to bus 906 via the user input/output interface 940. Thus,user input/output devices 942, 944 can exchange information, signals anddata with other components of the terminal 900 via user input/outputinterface 940 and bus 906. The user input/output interface 940 andassociated devices 942, 944 provide a mechanism by which a user canoperate the wireless terminal 900 to accomplish various tasks. Inparticular the user input device 942 and user output device 944 providethe functionality that allows a user to control the wireless terminal900 and applications, e.g., modules, programs, routines and/orfunctions, that execute in the memory 910 of the wireless terminal 900.

The processor 904 under control of various modules, e.g., routines,included in memory 910 controls operation of the wireless terminal 900to perform various signaling and processing. The modules included inmemory 910 are executed on startup or as called by other modules.Modules may exchange data, information, and signals when executed.Modules may also share data and information when executed. In the FIG. 9embodiment, the memory 910 of exemplary wireless terminal 900 includes asignaling/control module 912 and signaling/control data 914.

The signaling/control module 912 controls processing relating toreceiving and sending signals e.g., messages, for management of stateinformation storage, retrieval, and processing. Signaling/control data914 includes state information, e.g., parameters, status and/or otherinformation relating to operation of the terminal. In particular, thesignaling/control data 914 includes beacon signal configurationinformation 916, e.g., the symbol periods in which the beacon signalbursts are to be transmitted and the signal forms of the beacon signalbursts including the frequency tones to be used, and receiver on timeand off time configuration information 918, e.g., the starting andending times of the on time intervals. The module 912 may access and/ormodify the data 914, e.g., update the configuration information 916 and918. The module 912 also includes the module for generating andtransmitting beacon signal bursts 911, the module for detecting beaconsignal bursts 913, and the synchronization module 915 for determiningand/or implementing timing and/or frequency synchronization informationas a function of received beacon signal information.

FIG. 10 is a drawing of a flowchart 1000 of an exemplary method ofoperating a portable wireless terminal in accordance with variousembodiments. Operation of the exemplary method starts in step 1002,where the wireless terminal is powered on and initialized and proceedsto step 1004. In step 1004, the wireless terminal is operated totransmit, during a first time interval, a beacon signal and user data.Step 1004 includes sub-step 1006 and sub-step 1008.

In sub-step 1006, the wireless terminal is operated to transmit a beaconsignal including a sequence of beacon signal bursts, each beacon signalburst including one or more beacon symbols, each beacon symbol occupyinga beacon symbol transmission unit, one or more beacon symbols beingtransmitted during each beacon symbol burst. In various embodiments, thetransmission power used for transmitting the beacon signal is from abattery power source. In some embodiments, the number of beacon symbolsin a beacon signal burst occupy less than 10 percent of the availablebeacon symbol transmission units. In some embodiments, each of thebeacon signal bursts transmitted in the sequence of beacon signal burstshave the same period. In other embodiments, at least some of the beaconsignal bursts transmitted in the sequence of beacon signal bursts haveperiods of different length.

Sub-step 1006 includes sub-step 1010. In sub-step 1010, the wirelessterminal is operated to transmit said beacon signal bursts at intervals,wherein a time period between two adjacent beacon signal bursts in saidsequence of beacon signal bursts is at least 5 times the duration ofeither of the two adjacent beacon signal bursts. In some embodiments,the time spacing between beacon signal bursts occurring during the firstperiod of time is constant with the beacon signal bursts occurring in aperiodic manner during the first period of time. In some suchembodiments, the duration of beacon signal bursts during said firstperiod of time is constant. In some embodiments, the time spacingbetween beacon signal bursts occurring during the first period of timevaries with the beacon signal bursts occurring during the first periodof time in accordance with a predetermined pattern. In some suchembodiments, the duration of beacon signal bursts during said firstperiod of time is constant. In some embodiments, the predeterminedpattern varies depending on the wireless terminal performing thetransmitting step. In various embodiments, the predetermined pattern isthe same for all wireless terminals in the system. In some embodiments,the pattern is a pseudo random pattern.

In sub-step 1008, the wireless terminal is operated to transmit userdata during the first time interval, said user data being transmittedusing data symbols transmitted at an average per symbol power level thatis at least 50 percent lower than the average per beacon symbol powerlevel of beacon symbols transmitted during the first time interval. Insome embodiments, the average per symbol transmission power level ofeach beacon symbol is at least 10 dB higher than the average per symboltransmission power level of symbols used to transmit data during thefirst time period. In some embodiments, the average per symboltransmission power level of each beacon symbol is at least 16 dB higherthan the average per symbol transmission power level of symbols used totransmit data during the first time period.

In various embodiments, the beacon symbols are transmitted using OFDMtone-symbols, said beacon symbols occupying less than 1 percent of thetone-symbols of a transmission resource used by said wireless terminalduring a period of time including multiple beacon symbol bursts. In somesuch embodiments, the beacon symbols occupy less than 0.1 percent of thetone-symbols in a portion of said period of time including one beaconsignal burst and one interval between successive beacon signal bursts.

In sub-step 1008, in some embodiments, the wireless terminal is operatedto transmit user data on at least 10 percent of the tone-symbols of thetransmission resource used by said wireless terminal during said firstperiod of time. In some such embodiments, the time duration of a beaconsignal burst time period occurring in said first period of time is atleast 50 times shorter than a time period occurring between twoconsecutive beacon signal bursts during said first period of time.

In some embodiments, the portable wireless terminal includes an OFDMtransmitter which transmits said beacon signal and the beacon signal iscommunicated using a resource which is a combination of frequency andtime. In some embodiments, the portable wireless terminal includes aCDMA transmitter which transmits said beacon signal and the beaconsignal is communicated using a resource which is a combination of codeand time.

FIG. 11 is a drawing of a flowchart 1100 of an exemplary method ofoperating a portable wireless terminal, e.g., a battery powered mobilenode in accordance with various embodiments. Operation starts in step1102, where the portable wireless terminal is powered on andinitialized. Operation proceeds from start step 1102 to step 1104, wherethe portable wireless terminal is operated to transmit a beacon signalincluding a sequence of beacon signal bursts, each beacon symbol burstincluding one or more beacon symbols, each beacon symbol occupying abeacon symbol transmission unit, one or more beacon symbols beingtransmitted during each burst. In some such embodiments, the beaconsymbols are transmitted using OFDM tone-symbols, and the beacon symbolsoccupy less than 1 percent of the tone-symbols of a transmissionresource used by said wireless terminal during a period of timeincluding multiple signal bursts. Operation proceeds from step 1104 tostep 1106.

In step 1006, the portable wireless terminal is operated to transmituser data on at least to 10 percent of the tone-symbols used by saidwireless terminal during a period of time including multiple signalbursts. In some such embodiments, the time duration of a beacon signalburst occurring in said period of time is at least 50 times shorter thana time period occurring between two consecutive beacon signal burstsduring said period of time.

FIG. 12 is a drawing of a flowchart 1200 of an exemplary method ofoperating a portable wireless terminal, e.g., a battery powered mobilenode, in accordance with various embodiments. Operation starts in step1201, where the wireless terminal is powered on and initialized.Operation proceeds from start step 1201 to step 1202, where the wirelessterminal checks as to whether the wireless terminal is to transmitbeacon signals. If it is determined in step 1202 that the wirelessterminal is to transmit beacon signals, e.g., the wireless terminal isin a mode of operation or state of operation in which the wirelessterminal is to transmit beacon signals, operation proceeds from step1202 to stop 1204; otherwise operation proceeds back to the input ofstep 1202 for another check as to whether a beacon signal is to betransmitted.

In step 1204, the wireless terminal checks whether or not it is time totransmit a beacon signal burst. If it is determined in step 1204 that itis time to transmit a beacon signal burst, then operation proceeds tostep 1206, where the wireless terminal transmits a beacon signal burstincluding one or more beacon symbols, each beacon symbol occupying abeacon symbol transmission unit. Operation proceeds from step 1206 tostep 1202.

If it is determined in step 1204 that it is not time to transmit abeacon signal burst, then operation proceeds to step 1208, in which thewireless terminal determines whether or not it is time for potentialuser data transmissions. If it is determined in step 1208 that it is thetime allocated for potential user data transmissions, then operationproceeds from step 1208 to step 1210, otherwise operation proceeds fromstep 1208 to step 1202.

In step 1210, the wireless terminal determines if the wireless terminalis to transmit user data. If the wireless terminal is to transmit userdata, then operation proceeds from step 1210 to step 1212, where thewireless terminal transmits user data using data symbols transmitted atan average per symbol power level that is at least 50 percent lower thanthe average per beacon symbol power level of beacon symbols transmittedby said wireless terminal. If it is determined in step 1210, that thewireless terminal is not to transmit user data at this time, e.g., thewireless terminal has no backlog of user data waiting to be transmittedand/or a peer node to which the wireless terminal wants to send the datais not ready to receive the user data, then operation proceeds back tostep 1202.

FIG. 13 is a drawing of a flowchart 1300 of all exemplary method ofoperating a portable wireless terminal, e.g., a battery powered mobilenode, in accordance with various embodiments. Operation starts in step1302, where the wireless terminal is powered on and initialized.Operation proceeds from start step 1302 to steps 1304, 1306, 1308,connecting node A 1310 and connecting node B 1312.

In step 1304, which is performed on an ongoing basis, the wirelessterminal tracks timing, outputting current time information 1314.Current time information 1314 identifies, e.g., an index value in arecurring timing structure being used by the wireless terminal.

In step 1306, the wireless terminal determines whether or not thewireless terminal is to transmit a beacon signal. The wireless terminaluses mode and/or state information 1316 and/or priority information 1318in determining whether or not the wireless terminal should transmit abeacon signal. If the wireless terminal decides in step 1306 that thewireless terminal is to transmit a beacon signal, operation proceeds tostep 1320, where the wireless terminal sets beacon active flag 1324.However, if the wireless terminal decides in step 1306 that the wirelessterminal is not to transmit a beacon signal operation proceeds to step1322, where the wireless terminal clears the beacon active flag 1324.Operation proceeds from step 1320 or step 1322 back to step 1306, wherethe wireless terminal again tests as to whether or not a beacon signalshould be transmitted.

In step 1308, the wireless terminal determines whether or not thewireless terminal is cleared for data transmissions. The wirelessterminal uses mode and/or state information 1326, priority information1328, and/or peer node information 1330, e.g., information indicatingwhether or not a peer wireless terminal is receptive and able to receiveuser data, in determining whether or not the wireless terminal iscleared for data transmission. If the wireless terminal decides in step1308 that the wireless terminal is cleared to transmit user data,operation proceeds to step 1332, where the wireless terminal sets datatransmission flag 1336. However, if the wireless terminal decides instep 1308 that the wireless terminal is not cleared for user datatransmissions, operation proceeds to step 1334, where the wirelessterminal clears the data transmission flag 1336. Operation proceeds fromstep 1332 or step 1334 back to step 1308, where the wireless terminalagain tests as to whether or not the wireless terminal is cleared fordata transmission.

Returning to connecting node A 1310, operation proceeds from connectingnode A 1310 to step 1338. In step 1338, the wireless terminal checks asto whether the current time information 1314 indicates a beacon burstinterval with respect to the time structure information 1340 and whetheror not the beacon active flag 1324 is set. If the time indicates that itis a beacon burst interval and that the beacon active flag is set, thenoperation proceeds from step 1338 to step 1342; otherwise operationproceeds back to the input of step 1338 for another test of conditions.

In step 1342, the wireless terminal generates a beacon signal burst,said beacon signal burst including one or more beacon symbols, eachbeacon symbol occupying a beacon symbol transmission unit. The wirelessterminal utilizes current time information 1314 and stored beacon signaldefinition information 1344 in generating the beacon signal burst. Thebeacon signal definition information 1344 includes, e.g., burst signaldefinition information and/or pattern information. In some embodiments,beacon signal burst information includes information identifying asubset of OFDM tone-symbols used for conveying beacon symbolscorresponding to the generated beacon burst signal for the wirelessterminal within a set of potential OFDM tone-symbols which may be usedto carry beacon symbols. In some embodiments, the tone-subset for onebeacon signal burst may be, and sometimes is, different from one beaconsignal burst to the next within the same beacon signal, e.g., inaccordance with a predetermined hopping pattern. In some embodiments,beacon signal information includes information identifying themodulation symbol values to be conveyed by the beacon tone symbols ofthe generated beacon burst signal. In some embodiments, a sequence ofbeacon signal bursts is used to define a beacon signal, e.g.,corresponding to a particular wireless terminal. In some embodiments, apattern of beacon symbols is utilized to define the beacon signal, e.g.,a particular pattern within the beacon burst signal.

Operation proceeds from step 1342 to step 1346, in which the wirelessterminal transmits the generated beacon burst signal. The wirelessterminal uses stored beacon symbol power level information 1348 todetermine the transmission power level of the beacon symbols within thetransmitted beacon burst signal. Operation then proceeds from step 1346to step 1338.

Returning to connecting node B 1312 operation proceeds from connectingnode B 1312 to step 1350. In step 1350, the wireless terminal checks asto whether the current time information 1314 indicates a datatransmission interval with respect to the time structure information1340, whether or not the data transmission flag 1336 is set, and whetherthe wireless terminal has data to transmit as indicated by user backloginformation 1352. If the indications are that it is a data transmissioninterval, that the data transmission flag 1336 is set and that thewireless terminal has data waiting to be transmitted, then operationproceeds from step 1350 to step 1354; otherwise operation proceeds backto the input of step 1350 for another test of conditions.

In step 1354, the wireless terminal generates signals including userdata 1356. User data 1356 includes, e.g., audio, image, file, and/ortext data/information intended for a peer of the wireless terminal.

Operation proceeds from step 1354 to step 1358, in which the wirelessterminal transmits the generated signals including user data. Thewireless terminal uses stored user data symbol power level information1360 to determine the transmission power level of the user data symbolsto be transmitted. Operation proceeds from step 1358 to step 1350 wherethe wireless terminal performs checks pertaining to user datatransmission.

In some embodiments, the number of beacon symbols within a beacon signalburst occupy less than 10 percent of the available beacon symboltransmission units. In various embodiments, the user data symbols aretransmitted at an average per symbol power level that is at least 50percent lower than the average per beacon symbol power level oftransmitted beacon symbols.

FIG. 14 includes drawing 1400 illustrating exemplary beacon signalingfrom a portable wireless terminal, in accordance with an exemplaryembodiment in which the same beacon burst signal, beacon burst 1, isrepeated between non-beacon burst intervals. Each beacon signal burstincludes one or more beacon symbols, each beacon symbol occupying abeacon symbol transmission unit, one or more beacon symbols beingtransmitted during each beacon signal burst. Frequency, e.g., OFDMtones, is plotted on the vertical axis 1402, while time is plotted onhorizontal axis 1404. The following sequence is illustrated in drawing1400: beacon burst 1 signal interval including beacon burst 1 signal1406, non-burst interval 1408, beacon burst 1 signal interval includingbeacon burst 1 signal 1410, non-burst interval 1412, beacon burst 1signal interval including beacon burst 1 signal 1414, non-burst interval1416, beacon burst 1 signal interval including beacon burst 1 signal1418, non-burst interval 1420. In this example, each beacon burst signal(1406, 1410, 1414, 1418) corresponds to a beacon signal (1422, 1424,1426, 1428). In addition in this example, each beacon burst signal(1422, 1424, 1426, 1428) is the same; each beacon burst signal includesthe same beacon symbols.

FIG. 14 also includes drawing 1450 illustrating exemplary beaconsignaling from a portable wireless terminal in which a beacon signal isa composite signal including a sequence of beacon burst signals. Eachbeacon signal burst includes one or more beacon symbols, each beaconsymbol occupying a beacon symbol transmission unit, one or more beaconsymbols being transmitted during each beacon signal burst. Frequency,e.g., OFDM tones, is plotted on the vertical axis 1452, while time isplotted on horizontal axis 1454. The following sequence is illustratedin drawing 1450: beacon burst 1 signal internal including beacon burst 1signal 1456, non-burst interval 1458, beacon burst 2 signal intervalincluding beacon burst 2 signal 1460, non-burst interval 1462, beaconburst 3 signal interval including beacon burst 3 signal 1464, non-burstinterval 1466, beacon burst 1 signal interval including beacon burst 1signal 1468, non-burst interval 1470. In this example, beacon signal1472 is a composite signal including beacon burst 1 signal 1456, beaconburst 2 signal 1460 and beacon burst 3 signal 1464. In addition in thisexample, each beacon burst signal (beacon burst 1 signal 1456, beaconburst 2 signal 1460, beacon burst 3 signal 1464) is different; eachbeacon burst signal includes a set of beacon symbols which does notmatch either set corresponding to the other two beacon burst signals.

In some embodiments, the beacon symbols occupy less than 0.3 percent ofthe air resource including one beacon signal burst and one internalbetween successive beacon signal bursts. In some such embodiments, thebeacon symbols occupy less than 0.1 percent of the air resourceincluding one beacon signal burst and one interval between successivebeacon signal bursts. The air resource in some embodiments includes aset of OFDM tone-symbols corresponding to a set of tones for apredetermined time interval.

FIG. 15 illustrates that different wireless terminals, in someembodiments, transmit different beacon signals including differentbeacon burst signals. Different beacon signals transmitted from wirelessterminals can be, and sometimes are, used for wireless terminalidentification. For example, consider that drawing 1500 includes arepresentation of a beacon burst signal associated with wirelessterminal A, while drawing 1550 includes a representation of a beaconburst signal associated with wireless terminal B. Legend 1502corresponds to drawing 1500, while legend 1552 corresponds to drawing1550.

Legend 1502 indicates that with respect to the beacon burst signal forWT A, grid box 1510 represents a beacon symbol transmission unit, whilelarge letter B 1512 represents a beacon symbol conveyed by a beacontransmission unit. In drawing 1500, vertical axis 1504 representsfrequency, e.g., OFDM tone index, while horizontal axis 1506 representsbeacon transmission unit time index within the beacon burst signal.Beacon burst signal 1508 includes 100 beacon symbol transmission units1510. Two of those beacon symbol transmission units carry a beaconsymbol B 1512. A first beacon symbol has frequency index=3 and timeindex=0; a second beacon symbol has frequency index=9 and time index=6.The other beacon symbol transmission units are left unused. Thus in thisexample 2% of the transmission resources of the beacon burst are used toconvey beacon symbols. In some embodiments beacon symbols occupy lessthan 10% of the transmission resources of the beacon burst.

Legend 1552 indicates that with respect to the beacon burst signal forWT B, grid box 1510 represents a beacon symbol transmission unit, whilelarge letter B 1512 represents a beacon symbol conveyed by a beacontransmission unit. In drawing 1550, vertical axis 1504 representsfrequency, e.g., OFDM tone index, while horizontal axis 1556 representsbeacon transmission unit time index within the beacon burst signal.Beacon burst signal 1558 includes 100 beacon symbol transmission units1510. Two of those beacon symbol transmission units carry a beaconsymbol B 1512. A first beacon symbol has frequency index=3 and timeindex=2, a second beacon symbol has frequency index=7 and time index=6.The other beacon symbol transmission units are left unused. Thus in thisexample 2% of the transmission resources of the beacon burst are used toconvey beacon symbols.

FIG. 16 is a drawing 160O and corresponding legend 1602 illustrating afeature of some embodiments, in which a beacon symbol transmission unitincludes a plurality of OFDM symbol transmission units. In this example,a beacon symbol transmission unit occupies two adjacent OFDM symboltransmission units. In other embodiments, a beacon symbol transmissionunit occupies a different number of OFDM transmission units, e.g., 3, or4. This feature of using multiple OFDM transmission units for a beaconsymbol transmission unit can facilitate easy detection of a beaconsignal, e.g., where precise timing and/or frequency synchronizationbetween wireless terminals may not exist. In some embodiments, thebeacon symbol includes an initial beacon symbol portion followed by anextension beacon symbol portion. For example, the initial beacon symbolportion includes a cyclic prefix portion followed by a body portion, andthe extension beacon symbol portion is a continuation of the bodyportion.

Legend 1602 illustrates that for the exemplary beacon burst signal 1610,an OFDM transmission unit is represented by square box 1612, while abeacon symbol transmission unit is represented by rectangular box 1614with heavy borders. Large letters BS 1616 represent a beacon symbolconveyed by a beacon transmission unit. In drawing 1600, vertical axis1604 represents frequency, e.g., OFDM tone index, while horizontal axis1606 represents beacon transmission unit time index within the beaconburst signal, and horizontal axis 1608 represents OFDM symbol timeinterval index within the beacon burst signal. Beacon burst signal 1610includes 100 OFDM symbol transmission units 1612 and 50 beacon symboltransmission units 1614. Two of those beacon symbol transmission unitscarry a beacon symbol BS 1616. A first beacon symbol has frequencyindex=3, beacon transmission unit time index=0, and OFDM time index 0-1;a second beacon symbol has frequency index=9, beacon transmission unittime index=3, and OFDM time index 6-7. The other beacon symboltransmission units are left unused. Thus in this example 4% of thetransmission resources of the beacon burst are used to convey beaconsymbols. In some embodiments beacon symbols occupy less than 10% of thetransmission resources of the beacon burst.

FIG. 17 is a drawing 1700 used to illustrate an exemplary beacon signalcomprising a sequence of beacon burst signals and to illustrate timingrelationships of some embodiments. Drawing 1700 includes a vertical axis1702 representing frequency, e.g., OFDM tone index, while the horizontalaxis 1704 represents time. The exemplary beacon signal anal of drawing1700 includes beacon burst 1 signal 1706, beacon burst 2 signal 1708 andbeacon burst 3 signal 1710. The exemplary beacon signal of drawing 1700is, e.g., the composite beacon signal 1472 of drawing 1450 of FIG. 14.

Beacon burst signal 1706 includes two beacon symbols 1707; beacon burstsignal 1708 includes two beacon symbols 1709; beacon burst signal 1710includes two beacon symbols 1711. In this example, the beacon symbols ineach burst occur in different beacon transmission unit positions in thetime/frequency grid. In addition in this example, the change ofpositions is in accordance with a predetermined tone hopping sequence.

Along time axis 1704, there is a beacon burst 1 signal time intervalT_(B1) 1712 corresponding to beacon burst 1 signal 1706, followed by abetween burst time interval T_(BB1/2) 1718, followed by a beacon burst 2signal time interval T_(B2) 1714 corresponding to beacon burst 2 signal1708, followed by a between burst time interval T_(BB2/3) 1720, followedby a beacon burst 3 signal time interval T_(B3) 1716 corresponding tobeacon burst 3 signal 1710. In this example, the time between beaconbursts is at least 5 times greater than the time of an adjacent burst.For example, T_(BB1/2)≧5 T_(B1) and T_(BB1/2)≧5 T_(B2); T_(BB2/3)≧5T_(B2) and T_(BB2/3)≧5 T_(B3). In this example, each of the beaconbursts (1706, 1708, 1710) have the same time duration:, e.g.,T_(B1)=T_(B2)=T_(B3).

FIG. 18 is a drawing 1800 used to illustrate an exemplary beacon signalcomprising a sequence of beacon burst signals and to illustrate timingrelationships of some embodiments. Drawing 1800 includes a vertical axis1802 representing frequency, e.g., OFDM tone index, while the horizontalaxis 1804 represents time. The exemplary beacon signal of drawing 1800includes beacon burst 1 signal 1806, beacon burst 2 signal 1808 andbeacon burst 3 signal 1810. The exemplary beacon signal of drawing 1800is, e.g., the composite beacon signal 1472 of drawing 1450 of FIG. 14.

Beacon burst signal 1806 includes two beacon symbols 1807; beacon burstsignal 1808 includes two beacon symbols 1809; beacon burst signal 1810includes two beacon symbols 1822. In this example, the beacon symbols ineach burst occur in different beacon transmission unit positions in thetime/frequency grid. In addition in this example, the change ofpositions is in accordance with a predetermined tone hopping sequence.

Along time axis 1804, there is a beacon burst 1 signal time intervalT_(B1) 1812 corresponding to beacon burst 1 signal 1806, followed by abetween burst time interval T_(BB1/2) 1818, followed by a beacon burst 2signal time interval T_(B2) 1814 corresponding to beacon burst 2 signal1808, followed by a between burst time interval T_(BB2/3) 1820, followedby a beacon burst 3 signal time interval T_(B3) 1816 corresponding tobeacon burst 3 signal 1810. In this example, the time between beaconbursts is at least 5 times greater than the time of an adjacent burst.For example, T_(BB1/2)≧5 T_(B1) and T_(BB1/2)≧5 T_(B2); T_(BB2/3)≧5T_(B2) and T_(BB2/3)≧5 T_(B3). In this example, each of the beaconbursts (1806, 1808, 1810) have the different time duration, e.g.,T_(B1)≢T_(B2)≢T_(B3)≢T_(B1). In some embodiments, at least two of thebeacon burst signals in the composite beacon signal have differentduration.

FIG. 19 is a drawing 1900 illustrating exemplary air link resourcepartitioning by a wireless terminal in a mode of operation in which thewireless terminal transmits a beacon signal. Vertical axis 1902represents frequency, e.g., OFD tones, while horizontal axis 1904represents time. In this example, there is a beacon transmissionresource 1906, followed by an other use resource 1908, followed by abeacon transmission resource 1906′, followed by an other use resource1908′, followed by a beacon transmission resource 1906″, followed by another use resource 1908″, followed by a beacon transmission resource1906′″, followed by an other use resource 1908′″. A beacon transmissionresource of FIG. 19 corresponds, e.g., to a beacon burst of FIG. 14,while an other use resource of FIG. 19 corresponds, e.g., to a non-burstinterval of FIG. 14.

FIG. 20 describes an exemplary other use resource, e.g., resource 2000,for an exemplary mode of wireless terminal operation in which thewireless terminal transmits a beacon signal and can receive and/ortransmit user data, e.g., an active mode of operation. Other useresource 2000 occurs during non-burst interval 2002 and includes: abeacon monitoring resource 2004, a user data transmission/receiveresource 2006 and a silence or unused resource 2008. The beaconmonitoring resource 2004 represents air link resources, e.g., acombination of frequency and time, in which the wireless terminaldetects for the presence of other beacon signals, e.g., from otherwireless terminals and/or fixed position reference beacon signaltransmitters. The user data resource 2006 represents air link resources,e.g., a combination of frequency and time, in which the wirelessterminal can transmit user data and/or receive user data. The silenceair link resource 2008 represents unused air link resources, e.g., wherethe wireless terminal neither receives nor transmits. During the silenceresource 2008, the wireless can be, and sometimes is, in a sleep statein which power consumption is lowered to conserve energy.

FIG. 21 illustrates two exemplary modes of wireless terminal operationin which the wireless terminal is transmitting a beacon signal, e.g., aninactive mode and an active mode. Drawing 2100 corresponds to theexemplary inactive mode of operation, while drawing 2150 corresponds tothe active mode of operation.

In the exemplary inactive mode of operation, the wireless terminal doesnot transmit or receiver user data. In drawing 2100, the air linkresource used by the wireless terminal occupies N tones 2108. In someembodiments, N is greater than or equal to 100. In drawing 2100, thereis a beacon transmission burst resource 2102 with a corresponding timeduration T_(1inactive) 2110, followed by a monitor and receive beaconinformation resource 2104 with a corresponding time durationT_(2inactive) 2112, followed by a silence resource 2106 with acorresponding time duration T_(3inactive) 2114. In various embodiments,T_(1inactive)<T_(2inactive)<T_(3inactive). In some embodiments,T_(2inactive)≧4T_(1inactive). In some embodiments,T_(3inactive)≧10T_(2inactive). For, example, in one exemplary embodimentN>100, e.g. 113, T_(1inactive)=50 OFDM symbol transmission timeintervals, T_(2inactive)=200 OFDM symbol transmission time intervals,and T_(3inactive)=2000 OFDM symbol transmission time intervals. In suchan embodiment, if beacon symbols are allowed to occupy at most 10% ofthe burst beacon signal resource, beacon symbols occupy approximately atmost 0.22% of the total resource.

In the exemplary active mode of operation, the wireless terminal cantransmit and receive user data. In drawing 2150, the air link resourceused by the wireless terminal occupies N tones 2108. In someembodiments, N is greater than or equal to 100. In drawing 2150, thereis a beacon transmission burst resource 2152 with a corresponding timeduration T_(1active) 2162, followed by a monitor and receive beaconinformation resource 2154 with a corresponding time duration T_(2active)2164, followed by a user data transmit/receive resource 2156 with acorresponding time duration T_(3active) 2166, followed by a silenceresource 2158 with a corresponding time duration T_(4active) 2168. Invarious embodiments, T_(1active)<T_(2active)<T_(3active). In someembodiments, T_(2active)≧4T_(1active). In some embodiments,(T_(3active)+T_(4active))≧10T_(2inactive). In various embodimentsT_(1inactive)=T_(1active). In some embodiments, there are guardintervals between at least some of the different types of intervals.

FIG. 22 is a drawing 2200 and corresponding legend 2202 illustratingexemplary wireless terminal air link resource utilization during anexemplary first time interval 2209 including two beacon bursts. Legend2202 indicates that a square 2204 indicates an OFDM tone-symbol, thebasic transmission unit of the air link resource. Legend 2202 alsoindicates that: (i) a beacon symbol is indicated by a shaded square 2206and is transmitted at an average transmission power level P_(B), (ii) auser data symbol is indicated by a letter D 2208 and that data symbolsare transmitted such as to have an average transmission power levelP_(D), and (iii) P_(B)≧2P_(D).

In this example, the beacon transmission resource 2210 includes 20 OFDMtone-symbols; the beacon monitoring resource 2212 includes 40 OFDMtone-symbols; the user data transmission/receive resource 2214 includes100 OFDM tone-symbols; and the beacon transmission resource 2216 include20 OFDM tone-symbols.

Beacon transmission resources 2210 and 2216 each carry one beacon symbol2206. This represents 5% of the transmission resources allocated forbeacon burst signaling. Forty-eight (48) of the 100 OFDM symbols of theuser data TX/RX resource 2214 carry a user data symbol being transmittedby the wireless terminal. This represents 48/180 OFDM symbols being usedby the wireless terminal during the first time interval 2209. Assumethat the WT switches from TX to receive for the 6^(th) OFDM symboltransmission time interval of the user data portion, then user datasymbols are transmitted on 48/90 OFDM tone-symbols used by the wirelessterminal for transmission during the first time interval. In someembodiments, when the wireless terminal transmits user data, thewireless terminal transmits user data on at least 10% of thetransmission resource used by the wireless terminal during a period oftime including multiple beacon signal bursts.

In some embodiments, at different times the user data transmit/receiveresource can be, and sometimes is used differently, e.g., exclusivelyfor transmission including user data, exclusively for receptionincluding user data, portioned between receive and transmit, e.g., on atime share basis.

FIG. 23 is a drawing 2300 and corresponding legend 2302 illustratingexemplary wireless terminal air link resource utilization during anexemplary first time interval 2315 including two beacon bursts. Legend2302 indicates that a square 2304 indicates an OFDM tone-symbol, thebasic transmission unit of the air link resource. Legend 2302 alsoindicates that: (i) a beacon symbol is indicated by a large verticalarrow 2306 and is transmitted at an average transmission power levelP_(B), (ii) user data symbols are indicated by small arrows 2308, 2310,2312, 2314, which correspond to different phases (⊖₁, ⊖₂, ⊖₃, ⊖₄),respectively, e.g., corresponding to QPSK, and that data symbols aretransmitted such as to have an average transmission power level P_(D),and (iii) P_(B)≧2P_(D).

In this example, the beacon transmission resource 2316 includes 20 OFDMtone-symbols; the beacon monitoring resource 2318 includes 40 OFDMtone-symbols; the user data transmission/receive resource 2320 includes100 OFDM tone-symbols; and the beacon transmission resource 2322includes 20 OFDM tone-symbols.

Beacon transmission resources 2316 and 2322 each carry one beacon symbol2306. In this embodiment, the beacon symbols have the same amplitude andphase. This amount of beacon symbols represents 5% of the transmissionresources allocated for beacon burst signaling. Forty-eight (48) of the100 OFDM symbols of the user data TX/RX resource 2320 carry a user datasymbol. In this embodiment, different data symbols can and sometimes do,have different phase. In some embodiments, different data symbols can,and sometimes do have different amplitude. This amount of data symbolsrepresents 48/180 OFDM symbols being used by the wireless terminalduring the first time interval 2315. Assume that the WT switches from TXto receive for the 6^(th) OFDM symbol transmission time interval of theuser data portion, then user data symbols are transmitted on 48/90 OFDMtone-symbols used by the wireless terminal for transmission during thefirst time interval. In some embodiments, when the wireless terminaltransmits user data, the wireless terminal transmits user data on atleast 10% of the transmission resource used by the wireless terminalduring a period of time including multiple beacon signal bursts.

In some embodiments, at different times the user data transmit/receiveresource can be, and sometime is used differently, e.g., exclusively fortransmission including user data, exclusively for reception includinguser data, portioned between receive and transmit, e.g., on a time sharebasis.

FIG. 24 illustrates an alternative descriptive representation withrespect to beacon signals. Drawing 2400 and associated legend 2402 areused to describe an exemplary beacon signal in accordance with variousembodiments. Vertical axis 2412 represents frequency, e.g., OFDM toneindex, while horizontal axis 2414 represents beacon resource time index.Legend 2402 identifies that a beacon signal burst is identified by heavyline rectangle 2404, a beacon symbol transmission unit is identified bya square box 2406, and a beacon symbol is represented by a bold letter B2416. The beacon signal resource 2410 includes 100 beacon symboltransmission units 2406. Three beacon burst signals 2404 are showncorresponding to time index values=0, 4, and 8. One beacon symbol 2416occurs in each beacon burst signal, and the location of the beaconsymbol changes from one burst signal to the next within the beaconsignal, e.g., in accordance with a predetermined pattern and/orequation. In this embodiment, the beacon symbol location follows aslope. In this example, the beacon bursts are separated from each otherby three times the duration of a beacon burst. In various embodiments,the beacon bursts are separated from one another by at least twice theduration of a beacon symbol. In some embodiments, a beacon burst mayoccupy two or more successive beacon resource time intervals, e.g., withthe same tone being used for multiple successive beacon time indexes. Insome embodiments, a beacon burst includes multiple beacon symbols. Insome such embodiments, beacon symbols occupy 10% or less of the beaconsignal resource.

FIG. 25 is a drawing of an exemplary portable wireless terminal 2500,e.g., mobile node, in accordance with various embodiments. Exemplaryportable wireless terminal 2500 may be any of the wireless terminals ofFIG. 1.

Exemplary wireless terminal 2500 includes a receiver module 2502, atransmission module 2504, a duplex module 2503, a processor 2506, userI/O devices 2508, a power supply module 2510 and memory 2512 coupledtogether via a bus 2514 over which the various elements may interchangedata and information.

Receiver module 2502, e.g., an OFDM receiver, receives signals fromother wireless terminals and/or fixed location beacon transmitters,e.g., beacon signals and/or user data signals.

Transmission module 2504, e.g., an OFDM transmitter, transmits signalsto other wireless terminals, said transmitted signals including beaconsignals and user data signals. A beacon signal includes a sequence ofbeacon signal bursts, each beacon signal burst including one or morebeacon symbols, and each beacon symbol occupies a beacon symboltransmission unit. One or more beacon symbols are transmitted bytransmission module 2504 for each transmitted beacon signal burst.

In various embodiments, the transmission module 2504 is an OFDMtransmitter which transmits beacon signals and the beacon signal iscommunicated using a resource which is a combination of frequency andtime. In various other embodiments, the transmission module 2504 is aCDMA transmitter which transmits beacon signals and the beacon signal iscommunicated using a resource which is a combination of code and time.

Duplex module 2503 is controlled to switch the antenna 2505 between thereceiver module 2502 and transmission module 2504, as part of a timedivision duplex (TDD) spectrum system implementation. The duplex module2503 is coupled to antenna 2505 via which the wireless terminal 2500receives signals 2582 and transmits signals 2588. Duplex module 2503 iscoupled to receiver module 2502 via link 2501 over which receivedsignals 2584 are conveyed. Signal 2584 is, in some embodiments, afiltered representation of signal 2582. Signal 2584 is, in someembodiments, the same as signal 2582, e.g., module 2503 functions as apass thru device without filtering. Duplex module 2503 is coupled totransmission module 2504 via link 2507 over which transmit signals 2586are conveyed. Signal 2588 is, in some embodiments, a filteredrepresentation of signal 2586. Signal 2588 is, in some embodiments, thesame signal 2586, e.g., duplex module 2503 functions as a pass thrudevice without filtering.

User I/O devices 2508 include, e.g., microphone, keyboard, keypad,switches, camera, speaker, display, etc. User devices 2508, allow a userto input data information, access output data/information, and controlat least some operations of the wireless terminal, e.g., initiate apower up sequence, attempt to establish a communications sessions,terminate a communications session.

The power supply module 2510 includes a battery 2511 utilized as asource of portable wireless terminal power. The output of the powersupply module 2510 is coupled to the various components (2502, 2503,2504, 2506, 2508, and 2512) via power bus 2509 to provide power. Thus,transmission module 2504 transmits beacon signals using battery power.

Memory 2512 includes routines 2516 and data/information 2518. Theprocessor 2506, e.g., a CPU, executes the routines 2516 and uses thedata/information 2518 in memory 2512 to control the operation of thewireless terminal 2500 and implement methods. Routines 2516 includebeacon signal generation module 2520, user data signal generation module2522, transmission power control module 2524, beacon signal transmissioncontrol module 2526, mode control module 2528 and duplex control module2530.

Beacon signal generation module 2520 uses the data information 2518 inmemory 2512 including stored beacon signal characteristic information2532 to generate beacon signals, a beacon signal including a sequence ofbeacon signal bursts, each beacon signal burst including one or morebeacon symbols.

User data signal generation module 2522 uses the data/information 2518including user data characteristic information 2534 and user data 2547to generate a user data signal, said user data signal including userdata symbols. For example, information bits representing the user data2547 are mapped to a set of data symbols, e.g., OFDM data modulationsymbols in accordance with constellation information 2564. Transmissionpower control module 2524 uses the data/information 2518 includingbeacon power information 2562 and user data power information 2566 tocontrol the transmission power level of beacon symbols and data symbols.In some embodiments, during a first period of time, the transmissionpower control module 2524 controls the data symbols to be transmitted atan average per symbol power level that is at least 50 percent lower thanthe average per beacon symbol power level of the beacon symbolstransmitted. In some embodiments, the transmission power control module2524 controls the average per symbol transmission power level of eachbeacon symbol transmitted during a first period of time to be at least10 dB higher than the average per symbol transmission power level ofsymbols used to transmit user data during a first period of time. Insome embodiments, the transmission power control module 2524 controlsthe average per symbol transmission power level of each beacon symbol.transmitted during a first period of time to be at least 16 dB higherthan the average per symbol transmission power level of symbols used totransmit user data during a first period of time. In some embodiments,the beacon symbol power level and one or more data symbol power levelsare interrelated with respect to a reference being used by the wirelessterminal, and the reference may be, and sometimes does change. In somesuch embodiments, the first period of time is a time interval duringwhich the reference level does not change.

Beacon signal transmission control module 2526 uses the data/information2518 including the timing structure information 2536 to control thetransmission module 2504 to transmit beacon signal bursts at intervals.In some embodiments, the time period between two adjacent beacon signalbursts in a sequence of beacon signal bursts is controlled to be atleast 5 times the duration of either of the two adjacent beacon signalbursts. In various embodiments, at least some different beacon signalbursts have periods of different lengths.

Mode control module 2528 controls the wireless terminal's mode ofoperation with the current mode of operation being identified by modeinformation 2540. In some embodiments, the various modes of operationinclude an OFF mode, a receive only mode, an inactive mode, and anactive mode. In the inactive mode, the wireless terminal can send andreceive beacon signals but is not permitted to transmit user data. Inthe active mode, the wireless can send and receive user data signals inaddition to beacon signals. In inactive mode, the wireless terminal isin a silence, e.g., sleep, state of low power consumption, for a longertime than in an active mode of operation.

Duplex control module 2530 controls the duplex module 2503 to switch theantenna connection between receiver module 2502 and transmission module2504 in response to TDD system timing information and/or user needs. Forexample, a user data interval in a timing structure is, in someembodiments, available for either receive or transmit with the selectionbeing a function of the wireless terminal needs. In various embodiments,the duplex control module 2530 also operates to shut down at least somecircuitry in receiver module 2502 and/or transmission module 2504, whennot in use to conserve power.

Data/information 2518 includes stored beacon signal characteristicinformation 2532, user data characteristic information 2534, timingstructure information 2536, air link resource information 2538, modeinformation 2540, generated beacon signal information 2542, generateddata signal information 2544, duplex control signal information 2546,and user data 2547. Stored beacon signal characteristic information 2532includes one or more sets of beacon burst information (beacon burst 1information 2548, . . . , beacon burst N information 2550), beaconsymbol information 2560, and power information 2562.

Beacon burst 1 information 2548 includes information identifying beacontransmission units carrying a beacon symbol 2556 and beacon burstduration information 2558. Information identifying beacon transmissionunits carrying a beacon symbol 2556 is used by beacon signal generationmodule 2520 in identifying which beacon transmission units in a beaconsignal burst are to be occupied by beacon symbols. In variousembodiments, the other beacon transmission units of the beacon burst areset to be nulls, e.g., no transmission power applied with respect tothose other beacon transmission units. In some embodiments, the numberof beacon symbols in a beacon signal burst occupy less than 10 percentof the available beacon symbol transmission units. In some embodiments,the number of beacon symbols in a beacon signal burst occupy less thanor equal to 10 percent of the available beacon symbol transmissionunits. Beacon signal burst duration information 2558 includesinformation defining the duration of beacon burst 1. In some embodimentseach of the beacon bursts have the same duration, while in otherembodiments, different beacon bursts within the same composite beaconsignal can, and sometimes do, have different duration. In someembodiments, one beacon burst in a sequence of beacon bursts has adifferent duration, and this may be useful for synchronization purposes.

Beacon symbol information 2560 includes information defining the beaconsymbol, e.g., the modulation value and/or characteristic of the beaconsymbol. In various embodiments, the same beacon symbol value is used foreach of the identified positions to carry a beacon symbol in information2556, e.g., the beacon symbol has the same amplitude and phase. Invarious embodiments, different beacon symbol values can be, andsometimes are used for at least some of the identified positions tocarry a beacon symbol in information 2556, e.g., the beacon symbol valuehas the same amplitude but can have one of two potential phases, thusfacilitating the communication of additional information via the beaconsignal. Power information 2562 includes, e.g., power gain scale factorinformation used with respect to beacon symbol transmissions.

User data characteristic information 2534 includes constellationinformation 2564 and power information 2566. Constellation information2564 identifies, e.g., QPSK, QAM 16, QAM 64, and/or QAM256, etc, andmodulation symbol values associated with the constellation. Powerinformation 2566 includes, e.g., power gain scale factor informationused with respect to data symbol transmissions.

Timing structure information 2536 includes information identifyingintervals associated with various operations, e.g., a beacontransmission time interval, an interval for monitoring for beaconsignals from other wireless terminals and/or fixed location beacontransmitters, a user data interval, a silence, e.g., sleep, interval,etc. Timing structure information 2536 includes transmission timingstructure information 2572 which includes beacon burst durationinformation 2574, beacon burst spacing information 2576, patterninformation 2578, and data signaling information 2580.

In some embodiments, the beacon burst duration information 2574identifies that the duration of a beacon burst is a constant, e.g., 100successive OFDM transmission time intervals. In some embodiments, thebeacon burst duration information 2574 identifies that the duration of abeacon burst varies, e.g., in accordance with a predetermined patternspecified by pattern information 2578. In various embodiments, thepredetermined pattern is a function of a wireless terminal identifier.In other embodiments, the predetermined pattern is the same for allwireless terminals in the system. In some embodiments, the predeterminedpattern is a pseudo random pattern.

In some embodiments, beacon burst duration information 2574 and beaconburst spacing information 2576 indicate that the duration of a beaconburst is at least 50 times shorter than the interval of time from theend of the beacon burst to the start of the next beacon burst. IN someembodiments, the beacon burst spacing information 2576 indicates thatthe spacing between beacon bursts is constant with beacon burstsoccurring in a periodic manner during a period of time in which thewireless terminal is transmitting beacon signals. In some embodiments,the beacon burst spacing information 2576 indicates that the beaconbursts are transmitted with the same interval spacing whether thewireless terminal is in an inactive mode or an active mode. In otherembodiments, the beacon burst spacing information 2576 indicates thatthe beacon bursts are transmitted using different interval spacing as afunction of the wireless terminal operational mode, e.g., whether thewireless terminal is in an inactive mode or an active mode.

Air link resource information 2538 includes beacon transmission resourceinformation 2568 and other use resource information 2570. In someembodiments, air link resources are defined in terms of OFDMtone-symbols in a frequency time grid, e.g., as part of a wirelesscommunication system such as a TDD system. Beacon transmission resourceinformation 2568 includes information identifying air link resourcesallocated to WT 2500 for beacon signals, e.g., a block of OFDMtone-symbols to be used to transmit a beacon burst including at leastone beacon symbol. Beacon transmission resource information 2568 alsoincludes information identifying beacon transmission units. In someembodiments a beacon transmission unit is a single OFDM tone-symbol. Insome embodiments, a beacon transmission unit is a set of OFDMtransmission units, e.g., a set of contiguous OFDM tone-symbols. Otheruse resource information 2570 includes information identifying air linkresources to be used by WT 2500 for other purposes such as, e.g., beaconsignal monitoring, receive/transmit user data. Some of the air linkresources may be, and sometimes are, intentionally not used, e.g.,corresponding to a silence state, e.g., sleep state, which conservespower. In some embodiments a beacon symbol is transmitted using the airlink resource of OFDM tone-symbols, and beacon symbols occupy less than1 percent of the tone-symbols of the transmission resource used by saidwireless terminal during a period of time including multiple beaconsignal bursts and at least one user data signal. In various embodiments,beacon signals occupy less than 0.3 percent of the tone symbols in aportion of a period of time, said portion of said period of timeincluding one beacon signal burst and one interval between successivebeacon signal bursts. In various embodiments, beacon signals occupy lessthan 0.1 percent of the tone symbols in a portion of a period of time,said portion of said period of time including one beacon signal burstand one interval between successive beacon signal bursts. In variousembodiments, during at least some modes of operation, e.g., an activemode of operation, the transmission module 2504 can transmit user data,and when the wireless terminal transmits user data, user data istransmitted on at least 10 percent of the tone-symbols of thetransmission resource used by said wireless terminal during a period oftime including the user data signal transmission and two adjacent beaconsignal bursts.

Generated beacon signal 2542 is an output of beacon signal generationmodule 2520, while generated data signal 2544 is an output of user datasignal generation module 2522. The generated signals (2542, 2544) aredirected to transmission module 2504. User data 2547 includes, e.g.,audio, voice, image, text and/or file data/information that is used asinput by user data signal generation module 2522. Duplex control signal2546 represents output of duplex control module 2530, and the outputsignal 2546 is directed to duplex module 2503 to control antennaswitching and/or to a receiver module 2502 or transmitter module 2504 toshut down at least some circuitry and conserve power.

FIG. 26 is a drawing of a flowchart 2600 of an exemplary method ofoperating a communications device, e.g., a battery powered wirelessterminal, in accordance with various embodiments. Operation starts instep 2602, where the communications device is powered on andinitialized. Operation proceeds from start step 2602 to step 2604 andstep 2606.

In step 2604, which is performed on an ongoing basis, the communicationsdevice maintains time information. Time information 2605 is output fromstep 2604 and used in step 2606. In step 2606, the communications devicedetermines whether a time period is a beacon receive time period, abeacon transmission time period, or a silence time period, and proceedsdifferently depending on the determination. If the time period is abeacon receive time period, then operation proceeds from step 2606 tostep 2610, where the communications device performs a beacon signaldetection operation.

If the time period is a beacon transmission time period, then operationproceeds from step 2606 to step 2620, where the communications devicetransmits at least a portion of a beacon signal, said transmittedportion including at least one beacon symbol.

If the time period is a silence time period, then operation proceedsfrom step 2606 to step 2622, where the communications device refrainsfrom transmitting and refrains from operating to detect beacon signals.In some embodiments, the communications device goes into a silence,e.g., sleep, mode in step 2622 and conserves battery power.

Returning to step 2610, operation proceeds from step 2610 to step 2612.In step 2612, the communications device determines if a beacon has beendetected. If a beacon has been detected, operation proceeds from step2612 to step 2614. However, if a beacon was not detected, operationproceeds from step 2612 via connecting node A 2613 to step 2606. In step2614, the communications device adjusts communications devicetransmission time based on a detected portion of a received signal.Adjustment information 2615, obtained from step 2614 is used inmaintaining time information for the communications device in step 2604.In some embodiments, the timing adjustments adjusts the beacon signaltransmission time period to occur during a time period known to by usedby the device which transmitted the received beacon signal portion toreceive beacon signals. Operation proceeds from step 2614 to step 2616,where the communications device transmits a signal in accordance withthe adjusted communications device transmission timing, e.g., a beaconsignal. Then, in step 2618, the communications device establishes acommunications session with the device from which the detected portionof a beacon signal was received. Operation proceeds from any of steps2618, 2620, or 2622 via connecting node A 2613 to step 2606.

In some embodiments, step 2604 includes at least one of sub-step 2608and 2609. In sub-step 2608, the communications device pseudo randomlyadjusts the start of at least one of a beacon transmission time periodand a beacon receive time period in a recurring sequence of such timeperiods. For example, in some embodiments, a communication device at aparticular time, e.g., following power on or entering a new region, maynot be synchronized with respect to any other communication device, andmay perform sub-step 2608 one or more times, in order to increase theprobability of detecting a beacon signal from another communicationsdevice while having a limited beacon detection time interval in arecurring time structure. Thus sub-step 2608 can effectively shiftrelative timing between two peers. In sub-step 2609, the communicationsdevice sets beacon receive and transmission time periods to occur on aperiodic basis.

In various embodiments, the beacon receive time period is longer thanthe beacon transmission time period. In some embodiments, the beaconreceive and transmission time periods are non-overlapping, and thebeacon receive time period is at least two times the beacon transmissiontime period. In some embodiments, the silence time period occurs betweenbeacon receive and beacon transmission time periods. In variousembodiments, the silence period is at least twice one of the beacontransmission time periods and beacon receive time periods.

FIG. 27 is a drawing of an exemplary communications device which isportable wireless terminal 2700, e.g., mobile node, in accordance withvarious embodiments. Exemplary portable wireless terminal 2700 may beany of the wireless terminals of FIG. 1. Exemplary wireless terminal2700 is, e.g., a communication device which is part of a time divisionduplex (TDD) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) wirelesscommunications system supporting peer-peer direct communications betweenmobile nodes. Exemplary wireless terminal 2700 can both transmit andreceive beacon signals. Exemplary wireless terminal 2700 performs timingadjustments based on detected beacon signals, e.g., from a peer wirelessterminal transmitting beacon signals and/or from a fixed beacontransmitter, to establish timing synchronization.

Exemplary wireless terminal 2700 includes a receiver module 2702, atransmission module 2704, a duplex module 2703, a processor 2706, userI/O devices 2708, a power supply module 2710 and memory 2712 coupledtogether via a bus 2714 over which the various elements may interchangedata and information,

Receiver module 2702, e.g., an OFDM receiver, receives signal from otherwireless terminals and/or fixed location beacon transmitters, e.g.,beacon signals and/or user data signals.

Transmission module 2704, e.g., an OFDM transmitter, transmits signalsto other wireless terminals, said transmitted signals including beaconsignals and user data signals. A beacon signal includes a sequence ofbeacon signal bursts, each beacon signal burst including one or morebeacon symbols, and each beacon symbol occupies a beacon symboltransmission unit. One or more beacon symbols are transmitted bytransmission module 2704 for each transmitted beacon signal burst.Transmission module 2704 transmits during a beacon transmission timeperiod at least a portion of a beacon signal, e.g., a beacon burstsignal, said transmitted portion including at least one beacon symbol,e.g., a relatively high power tone with respect to the power level ofuser data symbols.

In various embodiments, the transmission module 2704 is an OFDMtransmitter which transmits beacon signals and the beacon signal iscommunicated using a resource which is a combination of frequency andtime. In various other embodiments, the transmission module 2704 is aCDMA transmitter which transmits beacon signals and the beacon signal iscommunicated using a resource which is a combination of code and time.

Duplex module 2703 is controlled to switch the antenna 2705 between thereceiver module 2702 and transmission module 2704, as part of a timedivision duplex (TDD) implementation. The duplex module 2703 is coupledto antenna 2705 via which the wireless terminal 2700 receives signals2778 and transmits signals 2780. Duplex module 2703 is coupled toreceiver module 2702 via link 2701 over which received signals 2782 areconveyed. Signal 2782 is, in some embodiments, a filtered representationof signal 2778. In some embodiments, signal 2782 is the same as signal2778, e.g., where duplex module 2703 functions as a pass through devicewithout filtering. Duplex module 2703 is coupled to transmission module2704 via link 2707 over which transmit signals 2783 are conveyed. Signal2780 is, in some embodiments, a filtered representation of signal 2784.In some embodiments, signal 2780 is the same as signal 2784, e.g., whereduplex module 2703 functions as a pass through device without filtering.

User I/O devices 2708 include, e.g., microphone, keyboard, keypad,switches, camera, speaker, display, etc. User devices 2708, allow a userto input data/information, access output data/information, and controlat least some operations of the wireless terminal, e.g., initiate apower up sequence, attempt to establish a communications session,terminate a communications session.

The power supply module 2710 includes a battery 2711 utilized as asource of portable wireless terminal power. The output of the powersupply module 2710 is coupled to the various components (2702, 2703,2704, 2706, 2708, and 2712 via power bus 2709 to provide power. Thus,transmission module 2704 transmits beacon signals using battery power.

Memory 2712 includes routines 2716 and data/information 2718. Theprocessor 2706, e.g., a CPU, executes the routines 2716 and uses thedata/information 2718 in memory 2712 to control the operation of thewireless terminal 2700 and implement methods. Routines 2716 includebeacon signal detection module 2720, a silence state control module2722, a transmission time adjustment module 2724, a transmission controlmodule 2726, a communication session initiation module 2728, a beacondetection control module 2730, a timing adjustment module 2732, a modecontrol module 2734, a beacon signal generation module 2736, a user datasignal generation module 2738, a user data recovery module 2740, and aduplex control module 2742.

Beacon signal detection module 2720 performs a beacon signal detectionoperation during a beacon receive time period to detect the receipt ofat least a portion of a beacon signal. In addition, the beacon signaldetection module 2720 sets the detected beacon flag 2750 indicating thereceipt of a beacon signal portion in response to a detected beaconsignal portion. Detected beacon signal portion 2754 is an output ofbeacon signal detection module 2720. In addition, the beacon signaldetection module 2720 sets the detected beacon flag 2750 indicating thereceipt of a beacon signal portion in response to a detected beaconsignal portion. In some embodiments, the beacon signal detection module2720 performs detections as a function of energy level comparisons. Insome embodiments, the beacon signal detection module 2720 performsdetections as a function of detected beacon symbol pattern information,e.g., in a monitored air link resource corresponding to a beacon burst.The beacon signal detection module 2720, in some embodiments, recoversinformation from the detected beacon signal portion, e.g., informationidentifying the source, e.g., wireless terminal, which transmitted thebeacon signal. For example, different wireless terminals may, andsometimes do have different beacon burst patterns and/or signatures.

Silence state control module 2722 controls wireless terminal operationduring a silence period, occurring, e.g., between beacon receive andbeacon transmission time periods, to neither transmit nor operate todetect beacon signals.

Transmission time adjustment module 2724 adjusts the communicationsdevice's transmission time based on a detected portion of a receivedbeacon signal. For example, consider that the communications system is,e.g., an ad hoc network, and the received beacon signal portion is fromanother wireless terminal. As another example, consider the systemincludes fixed location beacon transmitters serving as references, andthat the detected beacon signal portion is sourced from such atransmitter; the transmission time adjustment module 2724 adjusts thewireless terminal's transmission time to synchronize with respect to thereference. Alternatively, consider the system does not include fixedlocation beacon transmitters, or that the wireless terminal can notcurrently detect such a beacon signal, and that the detected beaconsignal portion is from another wireless terminal, then the transmissiontime adjustment module 2724 adjusts the wireless terminal's transmissiontime to synchronize with respect to the peer wireless terminal which hadtransmitted the beacon signal. In some embodiments, including both fixedlocation beacons and wireless terminal beacons, the fixed locationsbeacons are used, when available, to achieve a coarse level of systemsynchronization, and the wireless terminal beacons are used to achieve ahigher degree of synchronization between peers. Detected timing offsetbased on detected beacon signal portion 2756 is an output oftransmission time adjustment module 2724.

In various embodiments, the transmission time adjustment module 2724adjusts the beacon signal transmission time period to occur during atime period known to be used by the device, e.g., other wirelessterminal, which transmitted the received portion to receive beaconsignals. Thus the transmission time adjustment module 2724 sets WT2700's beacon to be transmitted such that it is expected to hit the timewindow in which the peer is attempting to detect beacons.

Transmission control module 2726 controls the transmission module 2704to transmit a signal, e.g., a beacon signal in accordance with theadjusted communications device transmission timing. When storedcommunication session state information 2758 indicates that anestablished session is ongoing, via session active flag 2760 being set,the transmission control module 2726 controls the transmission module2704 to repeat beacon signal portion transmission operations. In someembodiments, the transmission control module 2726 controls the wirelessterminal to repeat beacon signal portion transmission operation in boththe inactive and active modes of wireless terminal operation.

Communication session initiation module 2728 is used to controloperations to establish a communications session with another wirelessterminal, from which a beacon signal was received. For example,following a beacon signal detection, wherein the beacon signal issourced from another wireless terminal, if wireless terminal 2700desires to establish a communications session with said another wirelessterminal, module 2728 is activated to start to initiate thecommunication session, e.g., generating and processing handshakingsignals in accordance with a predetermined protocol.

Beacon detection control module 2730 controls the beacon signaldetection module 2720 operation. For example, when stored communicationsession state information 2758 indicates that an established session isongoing, via session active flag 2760 being set, the beacon detectioncontrol module 273O controls the beacon signal detection module 2720 torepeat detection operations. In some embodiments, the beacon detectioncontrol module 2730 controls the wireless terminal to repeat beacondetection operations in both the inactive and active modes of wirelessterminal operation.

Timing adjustment module 2732 pseudo randomly adjusts the start of atleast one of a beacon transmission time period and a beacon receive timeperiod in a recurring sequence of such time periods. Pseudo random basedtiming offset 2752 is an output of timing adjustment module 2732. Timingadjustment module 2732 is, in some embodiments, used to shift thewireless terminal's timing structure with respect to other wirelessterminals, operating independently, such as to increase the likelihoodof the wireless terminal and a peer being able to detect one another'spresence while limiting beacon transmit and/or beacon detection timeintervals.

Mode control module 2734 controls the communications device to operateduring different times, in a first and second mode of operation, inwhich the communications device transmits beacon signals. For example,the first mode of operation is an inactive mode in which thecommunications device transmits beacon signals, detects for beaconsignals, but is restricted from transmitting user data; the second modeof operation is an active mode in which the communications devicetransmits beacon signals, detects for beacon signals, and is permittedto transmit user data. Another mode of operation, in some embodiments,into which mode control module 2734 can control the communicationsdevice to operate is a search mode in which the wireless terminalsearches for beacon signals but is not permitted to transmit.

Beacon signal generation module 2736 generates beacon signal portions2748, e.g., beacon bursts including a least one beacon symbol, which aretransmitted by transmission module 2704. User data signal generationmodule 2738, generates user data signals, 2774, e.g., signals conveyingcoded blocks of user data such as voice data, other audio data, imagedata, text data, file data, etc. User data signal generation module 2738is active when the wireless terminal is in active mode and the generateduser data signals 2774 are transmitted via transmission module 2704during time intervals reserved for user data transmit/receive signals.User data recovery module 2740 recovers user data from received userdata signals 2776 received from a peer in a communication session withwireless terminal 2700. The received user data signals 2776 are receivedvia receiver module 2702, while the wireless terminal is in an activemode of operation during time intervals reserved for user datatransmit/receive signals.

Duplex control module 2742 controls operation of duplex module 2703,e.g., controlling antenna 2705 to be coupled to receiver module 2702 forreceive time intervals, e.g., beacon monitoring time intervals andintervals for receiving user data, and to be coupled to transmissionmodule 2704 for transmission time intervals, e.g., beacon transmissiontime intervals and intervals for transmitting user data. Duplex controlmodule 2742 also controls at least some circuits in at least one ofreceiver module 2702 and transmission module 2704 to be powered downduring certain time intervals, thereby conserving battery power.

Data/information 2718 includes current mode information 2744, currenttime information 2746, generated beacon signal portion 2748, detectedbeacon flag 2750, pseudo random based timing offset 2752, detectedbeacon signal portion 2754, determined timing offset based on detectedbeacon signal portion 2756, communication session state information2758, timing structure information 2764, mode information 2768,generated user data signal 2774, and received user data signal 2776.

Current mode information 2744 includes information identifying thewireless terminal's current mode of operation, sub-modes and/or state ofoperation, e.g., whether the wireless terminal is in a mode where itreceives but does not transmit, whether the wireless terminal is aninactive mode including beacon signal transmission but not allowing userdata transmissions, or whether the wireless terminal is in an activemode including beacon signal transmissions and permitting user datatransmissions.

Current time information 2746 includes information identifying thewireless terminal time with respect to its position within a recurringtiming structure being maintained by the wireless terminal, e.g., anindexed OFDM symbol transmission time period within the structure.Current time information 2746 also includes information identifying thewireless terminal's time with respect to another timing structure, e.g.,of another wireless terminal or of a fixed location beacon transmitter.

Communication session state information 2758 includes a session activeflag 2760 and peer node identification information 2762. Session activeflag 2760 indicates whether or not the session is still active. Forexample, a peer node in a communication session with WT 2700 powersdown, the wireless terminal 2700 ceases to detect the peer's beaconsignal, and session active flag is cleared. Peer node identificationinformation 2762 includes information identifying the peer. In variousembodiments, the peer node ID information is conveyed, at least in part,via beacon signals.

Timing structure information 2764 includes information definingduration, ordering and spacing of various intervals such as, e.g.,beacon transmission intervals, beacon detection intervals, user datasignaling intervals and silence intervals. Timing structure information2764 includes intervals' timing relationship information 2766.Intervals' timing relationship information 2766 includes, e.g.,information defining: (i) that a beacon receive tine period is longerthan a beacon transmission time period; (ii) that beacon receive andbeacon transmission time periods are non-overlapping; (iii) that thebeacon receive time period is at least two times the beacon transmittime period in duration; (iv) the silence period is at least twice oneof the beacon transmission time period and the beacon receive timeperiod.

Mode information 2768 includes initial search mode information 2769,inactive mode information 2770 and active mode information 2772. Initialsearch mode information 2769 includes information defining an initialextended duration search mode for beacon signals. In some embodiments,the duration of the initial search exceeds the expected internal betweensuccessive beacon burst transmissions by other wireless terminals whichare transmitting sequences of beacon burst signals. In some embodiments,the initial search mode information 2769 is used for performing aninitial search upon power up. In addition, in some embodiments thewireless terminal enters the initial search mode from the inactive modeoccasionally, e.g., if no other beacon signals have been detected whilein the inactive mode and/or if the wireless terminal wants to perform afaster and/or more thorough beacon search than is achieved using theinactive mode. Inactive mode information 2770 defines an inactive modeof wireless terminal operation including a beacon signal interval, abeacon monitoring interval and a silence interval. Inactive mode is apower saving mode where the wireless terminal conserves energy in thesilence mode, yet is able to indicate its presence by the beacon signaland is able to maintain situational awareness of the presence of otherwireless terminals by a limited duration beacon monitoring interval.Active mode information 2772 defines an active mode of wireless terminaloperation including a beacon signal transmission interval, a beaconmonitoring interval, a user data TX/RX interval, and a silence interval.

FIG. 28 is a drawing 2800 illustrating an exemplary time line, sequenceof events, and operations with respect to two wireless terminals in anad ho network which become aware of the presence of each other andachieve timing synchronization via the use of wireless terminal beaconsignals. Horizontal axis 2801 represents a time line. At time 2802,wireless terminal 1 powers on and starts an initial monitoring forbeacon signals, as indicated by block 2804. The monitoring continuesuntil time 2806, at which point wireless terminal completes its initialsearch, with the result that no other wireless terminals were found;then, wireless terminal 1 enters an inactive mode of operation includingrepetitions of beacon transmission intervals in which wireless terminal1 transmits a beacon signal burst, beacon monitoring intervals in whichthe wireless terminal monitors for beacon signals, and silence intervalsin which the wireless terminal neither transmits nor receives, thusconserving power, as illustrated by block 2808.

Then, at time 2810, wireless terminal 2 powers on and starts initialbeacon monitoring as indicated by block 2812. Then, at time 2814wireless terminal 2 detects a beacon signal from wireless terminal 1,decides that it seeks to establish a communication session with wirelessterminal 1, and determines a time offset such that wireless terminalwill receive a beacon signal burst from wireless terminal 2 during awireless terminal 1 beacon monitoring interval, as indicated by block2815.

At time 2816, wireless terminal 2 has entered active mode which includesrepetitions of: beacon transmission intervals, beacon monitoringintervals, and user data intervals, and at time 2816 wireless terminal 2transmits a beacon signal in accordance with the determined time offsetof step 2815, as indicated by block 2818. Then wireless terminal 1detects the beacon signal from wireless terminal 2 and switches toactive mode as indicated by block 2820.

Between time interval 2816 and 2824 wireless terminal 1 and wirelessterminal 2 exchange signals to establish a communications session andthen participate in the session exchanging user data, as indicated byblock 2822. In addition, during this time interval beacon signalsreceived during the session are used to update timing and maintainsynchronization. Wireless terminal 1 and wireless terminal 2 may be, andsometimes are, mobile nodes which can be moving during the communicationsessions.

At time 2824, wireless terminal 1 powers down, as indicated by block2826. Then, at time 2828, wireless terminal 2 determines that signal hasbeen lost from wireless terminal 1 and the wireless terminal transitionsto an inactive mode, as indicated by block 2830. Signal can also be, andsometime is, lost due to other conditions, e.g., wireless terminals 1and 2 moved far enough away from each other such that the channelconditions were insufficient to maintain the session.

Sequence of arrows 2832 illustrates wireless terminal 1 beacon signalbursts, while sequence of arrows 2834 illustrates wireless terminal 2beacon signal bursts. It should be observed that the timing between thetwo wireless terminals has been synchronized, as a function of areceived beacon signal from wireless terminal 1, such that wirelessterminal 1 is able to detect a beacon, signal burst from wirelessterminal 2, during its beacon signal monitoring interval.

In this example, a wireless terminal, which has powered up, performsmonitoring during an initial beacon, monitoring period until a beacon isdetected or until the initial beacon monitoring period expires,whichever comes first. The initial beacon monitoring period is, e.g., anextended duration monitoring period having a duration which exceeds oneiteration including a beacon transmission interval. In this example, theinitial beacon monitoring period is performed prior to entering a modein which beacon signals are transmitted. In some embodiments, a wirelessterminal in an inactive mode, said inactive mode including beacontransmission intervals, beacon monitoring, intervals and silenceintervals, occasionally enters a long duration beacon monitoringinterval, e.g., to cover a corner case condition in which two wirelessterminals should happen to start up simultaneously.

In some other embodiments, a wireless terminal enters an inactive mode,said inactive mode including beacon transmission intervals and limitedduration beacon monitoring intervals following power on without firsthaving an extended beacon monitoring interval. In some such embodiments,a wireless terminal may, and sometimes does, perform pseudo-random timeshifts while searching for other beacon signals to facilitate alignmentbetween its own beacon monitoring intervals and other wireless terminalbeacon transmission intervals.

Drawing 2900 of FIG. 29 illustrates exemplary synchronized timingbetween two wireless terminals based on beacon signals in accordancewith an exemplary embodiment. Drawing 2902 illustrates timing structureinformation with respect to wireless terminal 1, while drawing 2904includes timing structure information with respect to wireless terminal2. Drawing 2900 may correspond to FIG. 28 after the wireless terminalshave been timing synchronized, e.g., based on wireless terminal 2detecting a beacon signal from wireless terminal 1. Drawing 2902includes a wireless terminal 1 beacon transmission interval 2906, awireless terminal 1 beacon receive time interval 2908, a wirelessterminal 1 user data TX/RX interval 2910 and a WT 1 silence interval2912. Drawing 2904 includes a wireless terminal 2 beacon transmissioninterval 2914, a wireless terminal 2 beacon receive time interval 2916,a wireless terminal 2 user data TX/RX interval 2918 and a WT silenceinterval 2920. It should be observed that wireless terminal 2 hasadjusted its timing such that when it transmits a beacon signal burstduring WT 2 beacon transmit interval 2914, WT 1 will receive the beaconsignal burst during its beacon receive interval 2908. It should also beobserved that there is an overlapping portion of the user data TX/RXregions 2922 which can be used for user data signaling. This approachmaintains the same basic timing structure for different wirelessterminals, and uses a determined timing shift of one of the wirelessterminal's timing to achieve synchronization.

Drawing 3000 of FIG. 30 illustrates exemplary synchronized timingbetween two wireless terminals based on beacon signals in accordancewith another exemplary embodiment. Drawing 3002 includes timingstructure information with respect to wireless terminal 1, while drawing3004 includes timing structure information with respect to wirelessterminal 2. Drawing 3000 may correspond to FIG. 28 after the wirelessterminals have been timing synchronized, e.g., based on wirelessterminal 2 detecting a beacon signal from wireless terminal 1. Drawing3002 includes a wireless terminal 1 beacon receive interval 3006, awireless terminal 1 beacon transmission interval 3008, a wirelessterminal 1 beacon receive time interval 3010, a wireless terminal 1 userdata TX/RX interval 3012 and a WT 1 silence interval 3014. Drawing 3004includes a wireless terminal 2 beacon receive interval 3016, a wirelessterminal 2 beacon transmission interval 3018, a wireless terminal 2beacon receive time interval 3020, a wireless terminal 2 user data TX/RXinterval 3022 and a WT 2 silence interval 3024. It should be observedthat wireless terminal 2 has adjusted its timing such that when ittransmits a beacon signal burst during WT 2 beacon transmit interval3018, WT 1 will receive the beacon signal burst during its beaconreceive interval 3010. It can also be observed that, in this embodiment,following wireless terminal 2's timing adjustment, wireless terminal 2receives a beacon burst transmitted by wireless terminal 1 duringwireless terminal 1 beacon transmission interval 3008 during its beaconreceive interval 3016. It should also be observed that there is anoverlapping portion of the user data TX/RX regions 3026 which can beused for user data signaling. This approach maintains the same basictiming structure for different wireless terminals, and uses a determinedtiming shift of one of the wireless terminal's timing to achievesynchronization, and both wireless terminals are able to receive beaconsignal bursts from each other, on an ongoing basis followingsynchronization.

Drawing 3100 of FIG. 31 illustrates exemplary synchronized timingbetween two wireless terminals based on beacon signals in accordancewith another exemplary embodiment. Drawing 3102 includes timingstructure information with respect to wireless terminal 1, while drawing3104 includes timing structure information with respect to wirelessterminal 2. Drawing 3100 may correspond to FIG. 28 after the wirelessterminals have been timing synchronized, e.g., based on wirelessterminal 2 detecting a beacon signal from wireless terminal 1. Drawing3102 includes a wireless terminal 1 beacon transmission interval 3106, awireless terminal 1 beacon receive time interval 3108, a wirelessterminal 1 user data TX/RX interval 3110 and a WT 1 silence interval3112. Drawing 3104 includes a wireless terminal 2 beacon transmissioninterval 3114, a wireless terminal 2 beacon receive time interval 3116,a wireless terminal 2 user data TX/RX interval 3118 and a WT 2 silenceinterval 3120. It should be observed that wireless terminal 2 hasadjusted its timing such that when it transmits a beacon signal burstduring WT 2 beacon transmit interval 3116, WT 1 will receive the beaconsignal burst during its beacon receive interval 3108. It can also beobserved that, in this embodiment, following wireless terminal 2'stiming adjustment, wireless terminal 2 receives a beacon bursttransmitted by wireless terminal 1 during wireless terminal 1 beacontransmission interval 3106 during its beacon receive interval 3114. Itshould also be observed that user data TX/RX intervals 3110, 3118overlap. This approach uses a different timing structure for the twowireless terminals, e.g., the wireless terminal which performed thefirst detection of the other beacon and adjusts its internal timing,e.g., WT 2, uses the interval ordering of drawing 3104. In some suchcases, upon wireless terminal 2 ending the communications session andentering an inactive state including beacon signal transmission wirelessterminal 2 goes to the ordered timing sequence represented by figure3102.

While described in the context of an OFDM TDD system, the methods andapparatus of various embodiments are applicable to a wide range ofcommunications systems including many non-OFDM, many non-TDD systems,and/or many non-cellular systems.

In various embodiments nodes described herein are implemented using oneor more modules to perform the steps corresponding to one or moremethods, for example, generating a beacon signal, transmitting a beaconsignal, receiving beacon signals, monitoring for beacon signals,recovering information from received beacon signals, determining atiming adjustment, implementing a timing adjustment, changing a mode ofoperation, initiating a communication session, etc. In some embodimentsvarious features are implemented using modules. Such modules may beimplemented using software, hardware or a combination of software andhardware. Many of the above described methods or method steps can beimplemented using machine executable instructions, such as software,included in a machine readable medium such as a memory device, e.g.,RAM, floppy disk, etc. to control a machine, e.g., general purposecomputer with or without additional hardware, to implement all orportions of the above described methods, e.g., in one or more nodes.Accordingly, among other things, various embodiments are directed to amachine-readable medium including machine executable instructions forcausing a machine, e.g., processor and associated hardware, to performone or more of the steps of the above-described method(s).

Numerous additional variations on the methods and apparatus describedabove will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the abovedescriptions. Such variations are to be considered within scope. Themethods and apparatus of various embodiments may be, and in variousembodiments are, used with CDMA, orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexing (OFDM), and/or various other types of communicationstechniques which may be used to provide wireless communications linksbetween access nodes and mobile nodes. In some embodiments the accessnodes are implemented as base stations which establish communicationslinks with mobile nodes using OFDM and/or CDMA. In various embodimentsthe mobile nodes are implemented as notebook computers, personal dataassistants (PDAs), or other portable devices includingreceiver/transmitter circuits and logic and/or routines, forimplementing the methods of various embodiments.

1. A method of operating a portable wireless terminal comprising:transmitting a beacon signal including a sequence of beacon signalbursts, each beacon signal burst including one or more beacon symbols,each beacon symbol occupying a beacon symbol transmission unit, one ormore beacon symbols being transmitted during each burst.
 2. The methodfurther comprising: providing transmission power used for transmittingthe beacon signal from a battery power source.
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein the number of beacon symbols in a beacon signal burst occupiesless than 10 percent of the available beacon symbol transmission units.4. The method of claim 3, wherein the majority of beacon symboltransmission units in a transmitted beacon signal burst are occupied bynulls.
 5. The method of claim 3, further comprising: transmitting,during a first time interval, user data in addition to said beaconsymbols, said user data being transmitted using data symbols transmittedat an average per symbol power level that is at least 50 percent lowerthan the average per beacon symbol power level of beacon symbolstransmitted during said first time interval.
 6. The method of claim 1,wherein said step of transmitting a beacon signal including a sequenceof beacon signal bursts includes transmitting said beacon signal burstsat intervals, a time period between two adjacent beacon signal bursts insaid sequence of beacon signal bursts being at least 5 times theduration of either of the two adjacent beacon signal bursts.
 7. Themethod of claim 6, wherein at least some different beacon signal burststransmitted in said sequence of beacon signal bursts have periods ofdifferent lengths.
 8. The method of claim 3, wherein the average persymbol transmission power level of each beacon symbol transmitted duringa first period of time is at least 10 dB higher than the average persymbol transmission power level of symbols used to transmit user dataduring said first period of time.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein saidbeacon symbols are transmitted using OFDM tone symbols, said beaconsymbols occupying less than 1 percent of the tone symbols of atransmission resource used by said wireless terminal during a period oftime including multiple beacon signal bursts.
 10. The method of claim 9,wherein beacon symbols occupy less than 0.1 percent of the tone symbolsin a portion of said period of time, said portion of said period of timeincluding one beacon signal burst and one interval between successivebeacon signal bursts.
 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising:transmitting user data on at least 10 percent of the tone symbols of thetransmission resource used by said wireless terminal during said periodof time including multiple beacon signal bursts.
 12. The method of claim11, wherein the time duration of a beacon signal burst time periodoccurring in said period of time is at least 50 times shorter than atimer period occurring between two consecutive beacon signal burstsduring said period of time.
 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the timespacing between beacon signal bursts occurring during a first periodincluding multiple beacon signal bursts is constant with said beaconsignal bursts occurring in a periodic manner during said first period oftime.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein duration of beacon signalbursts during said first time period is constant.
 15. The method ofclaim 9, wherein the time spacing between beacon signal bursts occurringduring a first period including multiple beacon symbol transmissionbursts varies, with said beacon symbol bursts occurring during saidfirst period of time in accordance with a predetermined pattern.
 16. Themethod of claim 15, wherein duration of beacon signal bursts during saidfirst time period is constant.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein saidpredetermined pattern various depending on the wireless terminalperforming said transmitting step.
 18. The method of claim 17, whereinsaid predetermined pattern is the same for all wireless terminals in asystem.
 19. The method of claim 15, wherein said pattern is a pseudorandom pattern.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein said portablewireless terminal includes an OFDM transmitter which transmits saidbeacon signal and wherein said beacon signal is communicated using aresource which is a combination of frequency and time.
 21. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said portable wireless terminal includes a CDMAtransmitter which transmits said beacon signal and wherein said beaconsignal is communicated using a resource which is a combination of codeand time.
 22. A portable wireless terminal comprising: a beacon signalgeneration module for generating a beacon signal including a sequence ofbeacon signal bursts, each beacon signal burst including one or morebeacon symbols; and a transmission module for transmitting saidgenerated beacon signal, using beacon signal transmission units, eachbeacon symbol occupying a beacon symbol transmission unit, one or morebeacon symbols being transmitted during each beacon signal burst. 23.The portable wireless terminal of claim 22 further comprising: a batterypower source for providing transmission power used for transmitting thebeacon signal.
 24. The portable wireless terminal of claim 22, furthercomprising: memory including stored beacon signal characteristicinformation used by said beacon signal generation module in identifyingwhich beacon transmission units in a beacon signal burst are to beoccupied by a beacon symbol, and wherein the number of beacon symbols ina beacon signal bursts occupy less than 10 percent of the availablebeacon symbol transmission units.
 25. The portable wireless terminal ofclaim 24, wherein said stored beacon characteristic informationidentifies which beacon transmission units in a beacon signal burst areto be occupied by intentional nulls, and wherein the majority of beaconsymbol transmission units in a transmitted beacon signal burst are tooccupied by intentional nulls.
 26. The portable wireless terminal ofclaim 24, further comprising: a user data signal generation module forgenerating a user data signal, said user data signal including datasymbols, and wherein said transmitter module transmits said user datasignal in addition to said beacon signal; a transmission power controlmodule for controlling the transmission power level of beacon symbolsand data symbols, and wherein the transmission power control modulecontrols, during a first period of time, the data symbols to betransmitted at an average per symbol power level that is at least 50percent lower than the average per beacon symbol power level of beaconsymbols transmitted during said first period of time.
 27. The portablewireless terminal of claim 22, further comprising: a beacon signaltransmission control module for controlling said transmission module totransmit said beacon signal bursts at intervals, and wherein a timeperiod between two adjacent beacon signal bursts in said sequence ofbeacon signal bursts is controlled to be at least 5 times the durationof either of the two adjacent beacon signal bursts.
 28. The portablewireless terminal of claim 27, wherein at least some different beaconsignal bursts transmitted in said sequence of beacon signal bursts haveperiods of different lengths.
 29. The portable wireless terminal ofclaim 24, further comprising: a transmission power control module, andwherein the transmission power control module controls the average persymbol transmission power level of each beacon symbol transmitted duringa first period of time to be at least 10 dB higher than the average persymbol transmission power level of symbols used to transmit user dataduring said first period of time.
 30. The portable wireless terminal ofclaim 22, wherein said transmission module is an OFDM transmitter, andwherein said beacon symbols are transmitted using OFDM tone symbols,said beacon symbols occupying less than 1 percent of the tone symbols ofa transmission resource used by said wireless terminal during a periodof time including multiple beacon signal bursts.
 31. The portablewireless terminal of claim 30, wherein beacon symbols occupy less than0.1 percent of the tone symbols in a portion of said period of time,said portion of said period of time including one beacon signal burstand one interval between successive beacon signal bursts.
 32. Theportable wireless terminal of claim 31, wherein said transmission moduletransmits user data in addition to said beacon signal, and wherein userdata is transmitted on at least 10 percent of the tone symbols of thetransmission resource used by said wireless terminal during said periodof time including multiple beacon signal bursts.
 33. The portablewireless terminal of 32, wherein the time duration of a beacon signalburst time period occurring in said period of time is at least 50 timesshorter than a time period occurring between two consecutive beaconsignal bursts during said period of time.
 34. The portable wirelessterminal of claim 30, wherein the time spacing between beacon signalbursts occurring during a first period including multiple beacon signalbursts is constant with said beacon signal bursts occurring in aperiodic manner during said first period of time.
 35. The portablewireless terminal of claim 34, wherein duration of beacon signal burstsduring said first time period is constant.
 36. The portable wirelessterminal of claim 30, further comprising: memory including storedtransmission timing structure information used by the beacon signalgeneration module to generate said beacon signal, and wherein the storedtransmission timing structure information includes information definingthe time spacing between beacon signal bursts occurring during a firstperiod including multiple beacon symbol transmission bursts to vary,with said beacon symbol bursts occurring during said first period oftime in accordance with a predetermined pattern.
 37. The portablewireless terminal of claim 36, wherein said memory further includesbeacon signal characteristic information used by said beacon signalgeneration module in generating said beacon signal; and wherein thebeacon signal characteristic information defines the duration of beaconsignal bursts during said first time period to be constant.
 38. Theportable wireless terminal of claim 36, wherein said predeterminedpattern various depending on the wireless terminal performing saidtransmitting step.
 39. The portable wireless terminal of claim 38,wherein said predetermined pattern is the same for all wirelessterminals in a system.
 40. The portable wireless terminal of claim 36,wherein said pattern is a pseudo random pattern.
 41. The portablewireless terminal of claim 22, wherein said transmission module is anOFDM transmitter which transmits said beacon signal and wherein saidbeacon signal is communicated using a resource which is a combination offrequency and time.
 42. The portable wireless terminal of claim 22,wherein said transmission module is a CDMA transmitter which transmitssaid beacon signal and wherein said beacon signal is communicated usinga resource which is a combination of code and time.
 43. A portablewireless terminal comprising: means for generating a beacon signalincluding a sequence of beacon signal bursts, each beacon signal burstincluding one or more beacon symbols; and means for transmitting saidgenerated beacon signal, and wherein each beacon symbol occupies abeacon symbol transmission unit, one or more beacon symbols beingtransmitted during each burst.
 44. The portable wireless terminal ofclaim 42, further comprising: means for storing energy for providingtransmission power used for transmitting the beacon signal.
 45. Theportable wireless terminal of claim 43, further comprising: memorystorage means for storing beacon signal characteristic information usedby said beacon signal generation module in identifying which beacontransmission units in a beacon signal burst are to be occupied by abeacon symbol, and wherein the number of beacon symbols in a beaconsignal burst occupy less than 10 percent of the available beacon symboltransmission units.
 46. The portable wireless terminal of claim 45,further comprising: means for generating a user data signal, said userdata signal including data symbols, and wherein said means fortransmitting transmits said user data signal in addition to said beaconsignal; means for controlling transmission power levels of beaconsymbols and data symbols, and wherein the means for controllingtransmission power levels controls, during a first period of time, thedata symbols to be transmitted at an average per symbol power level thatis at least 50 percent lower than the average per beacon symbol powerlevel of beacon symbols transmitted.
 47. The portable wireless terminalof claim 43, further comprising: means for controlling said transmissionmeans to transmit said beacon signal bursts at intervals, and wherein atime period between two adjacent beacon signal bursts in said sequenceof beacon signal bursts is controlled to be at least 5 times theduration of either of the two adjacent beacon signal bursts.
 48. Theportable wireless terminal of claim 47, wherein at least some differentbeacon signal bursts transmitted in said sequence of beacon signalbursts have periods of different lengths.
 49. The portable wirelessterminal of claim 45, further comprising: means for controllingtransmission power and wherein the means for controlling transmissionpower controls the average per symbol transmission power level of eachbeacon symbol transmitted during a first period of time to be at least10 dB higher than the average per symbol transmission power level ofsymbols used to transmit user data during said first period of time. 50.The portable wireless terminal of claim 43, wherein said means fortransmitting includes means for performing OFDM transmission, andwherein said beacon symbols are transmitted using OFDM tone symbols,said beacon symbols occupying less than 1 percent of the tone symbols ofa transmission resource used by said wireless terminal during a periodof time including multiple beacon signal bursts.
 51. A computer readablemedium embodying machine executable instruction for controlling aportable wireless terminal in a wireless communications system toimplement a method, the method comprising: transmitting a beacon signalincluding a sequence of beacon signal bursts, each beacon signal burstincluding one or more beacon symbols, each beacon symbol occupying abeacon symbol transmission unit, one or more beacon symbols beingtransmitted during each burst.
 52. The computer readable medium of claim51 further embodying machine executable instructions for: controllingthe transmission power level used for transmitting the beacon signal,wherein the transmission power is from a battery power source.
 53. Thecomputer readable medium of claim 51, further embodying machineexecutable instructions for: controlling the number of beacon symbols ina beacon signal burst to occupy less than 10 percent of the availablebeacon symbol transmission units.
 54. The computer readable medium ofclaim 53, further embodying machine executable instructions for:controlling the transmission, during a first time interval, of user datain addition to said beacon symbols, said user data being transmittedusing data symbols transmitted at an average per symbol power level thatis at least 50 percent lower than the average per beacon symbol powerlevel of beacon symbols transmitted during said first time interval. 55.The computer readable medium of claim 51, further embodying machineexecutable instructions for: controlling transmitting of said beaconsignal bursts at intervals such that a time period between two adjacentbeacon signal bursts in said sequence of beacon signal bursts is atleast 5 times the duration of either of the two adjacent beacon signalbursts, as part of said step of transmitting a beacon signal including asequence of beacon signal bursts.
 56. An apparatus comprising: aportable communications device processor configured to: control wirelesstransmission of a beacon signal including a sequence of beacon signalbursts, each beacon signal burst including one or more beacon symbols,each beacon symbol occupying a beacon symbol transmission unit, one ormore beacon symbols being transmitted during each burst.
 57. Theapparatus of claim 56, wherein said processor is further configured to:control transmission power levels used for transmitting the beaconsignal, said transmission power being from a battery power source. 58.The apparatus of claim 56, wherein the number of beacon symbols in abeacon signal burst occupies less than 10 percent of the availablebeacon symbol transmission units.
 59. The apparatus of claim 58, whereinsaid processor is further configured to: control wireless transmission,during a first time interval, of user data in addition to said beaconsymbols, said user data being transmitted using data symbols transmittedat an average per symbol power level that is at least 50 percent lowerthan the average per beacon symbol power level of beacon symbolstransmitted during said first time interval.
 60. The apparatus of claim56, wherein said processor is further configured to: control thewireless transmission of said beacon signal bursts at intervals, a timeperiod between two adjacent beacon signal bursts in said sequence ofbeacon signal bursts being at least 5 times the duration of either ofthe two adjacent beacon signal bursts.